(1) Span beams shall be secured to prevent accidental dislodgment.
(2) A safe means of access shall be provided for employees working
with house fall blocks.
(3) Designated employees shall inspect chains, links, shackles,
swivels, blocks and other loose gear used in house fall operations
before each day's use. Defective gear shall not be used.
(a) At the completion of each use, loose gear such as slings,
chains, bridles, blocks, and hooks shall be so placed as to
avoid damage to the gear. Loose gear shall be inspected and
any defects corrected before re-use.
(b) All loose gear shall be inspected by the employer or his/her
authorized representative before each use and, when necessary,
at intervals during its use, to ensure that it is safe. Any
gear which is found upon inspection to be unsafe shall not be
used until it is made safe.
(c) Defective gear shall not be used. Distorted hooks, shackles,
or similar gear shall be discarded.
(d) Chains or other gear which have been lengthened, altered,
or repaired by welding shall be properly heat treated, and before
again being put into use, shall be tested and reexamined in
the manner set forth in WAC 296-56-60097 and 296-56-60098.
(2) The employer shall maintain a record of the dates and results
of the tests with each unit of gear concerned clearly identified.
The records shall be available for examination by division of
consultation and compliance personnel and the employee safety
committee.
(3) Wire rope and wire rope slings.
(a) The employer shall ascertain and adhere to the manufacturer's
recommended ratings for wire rope and wire rope slings and shall
have such ratings available at the terminal. When the manufacturer
is unable to supply such ratings, the employer shall use the
tables for wire rope and wire rope slings found in American
National Safety Standard for Slings, ANSI/ASME B30.9-1984. A
design safety factor of at least five shall be maintained for
the common sizes of running wire used as falls, in purchases
or in such uses as light load slings. Wire rope with a safety
factor of less than five may be used only:
(i) In specialized equipment, such as cranes designed to
be used with lesser wire rope safety factors;
(ii) In accordance with design factors in standing rigging
applications; or
(iii) For heavy lifts or other purposes for which a safety
factor of five is impractical and for which the employer can
demonstrate that equivalent safety is ensured.
(b) Wire rope or wire rope slings exhibiting any of the following
conditions shall not be used:
(i) Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay
or three or more broken wires in one strand in one rope lay;
(ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or other damage resulting
in distortion of the wire rope structure;
(iii) Evidence of heat damage;
(iv) Excessive wear, corrosion, deformation or other defect
in the wire or attachments, including cracks in attachments;
(v) Any indication of strand or wire slippage in end attachments;
or
(vi) More than one broken wire in the close vicinity of a
socket or swaged fitting.
(c) Four by twenty-nine (4 x 29) wire rope shall not be used
in any running rigging.
(d) Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles
shall be covered or blunted. Coverings shall be removable so
that splices can be examined. Means used to cover or blunt ends
shall not damage the wire.
(e) Where wire rope clips are used to form eyes, the employer
shall adhere to the manufacturer's recommendations, which shall
be available at the terminal. If “U” bolt clips
are used and the manufacturer's recommendations are not available,
Table C-1 shall be used to determine the number and spacing
of clips. “U” bolts shall be applied with the “U”
section in contact with the dead end of the rope.
TABLE
C-1
NUMBER
AND SPACING OF U-BOLT WIRE ROPE CLIPS
Improved
Plow Steel, Rope Diameter
Minimum
Number of Clips
Minimum
Spacing
Inches
(cm)
Drop
Forged
Other
Material
Inches
(cm)
1/2 or
less (1.3)
3
4
3 (7.6)
5/8 (1.6)
3
4
3 3/4
(9.5)
3/4 (1.9)
4
5
4 1/2
(11.4)
7/8 (2.2)
4
5
5 1/4
(13.3)
1 (2.5)
5
7
6 (15.2)
1 1/8
(2.9)
6
7
6 3/4
(17.1)
1 1/4
(3.2)
6
8
7 1/2
(19.1)
1 3/8
(3.5)
7
8
8 1/4
(21.0)
1 1/2
(3.8)
7
9
9 (22.9)
(f) Wire rope shall not be secured by knots.
(g) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings, bull wires, or in single
parts used for hoisting shall not be formed by wire rope clips
or knots.
(h) Eye splices in wire ropes shall have at least three tucks
with a whole strand of the rope and two tucks with one-half
of the wire cut from each strand. Other forms of splices or
connections which are demonstrated to be equally safe may be
used.
(i) Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless
rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or
in bulling cargo, shall consist of one continuous piece without
knot or splice.
(4) Natural fiber rope.
(a) The employer shall ascertain the manufacturer's ratings
for the specific natural fiber rope used and have such ratings
available at the terminal. The manufacturer's ratings shall
be adhered to and a minimum design safety factor of five maintained.
(b) Eye splices shall consist of at least three full tucks.
Short splices shall consist of at least six full tucks, three
on each side of the centerline.
(5) Synthetic rope.
(a) The employer shall adhere to the manufacturer's ratings
and use recommendations for the specific synthetic fiber rope
used and shall have such ratings available at the terminal.
(b) Unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer, when
synthetic fiber ropes are substituted for manila ropes of less
than three inches (7.62 cm) circumference, the substitute shall
be of equal size. Where substituted for manila rope of three
inches or more in circumference, the size of the synthetic rope
shall be determined from the formula:
C=/.6(Cs2)+.4(Cm2)
Where C = the required circumference of the synthetic rope
in inches, Cs = the circumference to the nearest
one-quarter inch of a synthetic rope having a breaking strength
not less than that of the size manila rope that would be required
by subsection (4) of this section, and Cm = the circumference
of manila rope in inches which would be required by subsection
(4) of this section.
(c) In making such substitution, it shall be ascertained that
the inherent characteristics of the synthetic fiber are suitable
for hoisting.
(6) Removal of natural and synthetic rope from service. Natural
or synthetic rope having any of the following defects shall be
removed from service:
(a) Abnormal wear;
(b) Powdered fiber between strands;
(c) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to affect the capacity
of the rope;
(d) Variations in the size or roundness of strands;
(e) Discolorations other than stains not associated with rope
damage;
(f) Rotting; or
(g) Distortion or other damage to attached hardware.
(7) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles shall be used where any
rope is secured permanently to a ring, shackle or attachment,
where practical.
(8) Synthetic web slings.
(a) Slings and nets or other combinations of more than one
piece of synthetic webbing assembled and used as a single unit
(synthetic web slings) shall not be used to hoist loads in excess
of the sling's rated capacity.
(b) Synthetic web slings shall be removed from service if they
exhibit any of the following defects:
(i) Acid or caustic burns;
(ii) Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface;
(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;
(iv) Broken or worn stitches;
(v) Distortion or damage to fittings; or
(vi) Display of visible warning threads or markers designed
to indicate excessive wear or damage.
(c) Defective synthetic web slings removed from service shall
not be returned to service unless repaired by a sling manufacturer
or similar entity. Each repaired sling shall be proof tested
by the repairer to twice the slings' rated capacity prior to
its return to service. The employer shall retain a certificate
of the proof test and make it available for examination.
(d) Synthetic web slings provided by the employer shall only
be used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations,
which shall be made available upon request.
(e) Fittings shall have a breaking strength at least equal
to that of the sling to which they are attached and shall be
free of sharp edges.
(9) Chains and chain slings used for hoisting.
(a) The employer shall adhere to the manufacturer's recommended
ratings for safe working loads for the sizes of the wrought
iron and alloy steel chains and chain slings used and shall
have such ratings available. When the manufacturer is unable
to provide such ratings, the employer shall use the tables for
chains and chain slings found in American National Safety Standard
for Slings, ANSI B30.9-1971.
(b) Proof coil steel chain, also known as common or hardware
chain, and other chain not recommended by the manufacturer for
slinging or hoisting shall not be used for slinging or hoisting.
(c) (i) Sling chains, including end fastenings, shall be
inspected for visible defects before each day's use and as
often as necessary during use to ensure integrity of the sling.
(ii) Thorough inspections of chains in use shall be made
quarterly to detect wear, defective welds, deformation, increase
in length or stretch. The month of inspection shall be indicated
on each chain by color of paint on a link or by other effective
means.
(iii) Chains shall be removed from service when maximum allowable
wear, as indicated in Table C-2, is reached at any point of
link.
(iv) Chain slings shall be removed from service when stretch
has increased the length of a measured section by more than
five percent; when a link is bent, twisted or otherwise damaged;
or when a link has a raised scarf or defective weld.
(v) Only designated persons shall inspect chains used for
slinging and hoisting.
TABLE
C-2
MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE WEAR AT ANY POINT OF LINK
Chain
Size
Maximum
Allowable Wear
Inches
(cm)
Inches
(cm)
1/4 (9/32)
(0.6)
3/64
(0.1)
3/8
(1.0)
5/64
(0.2)
1/2
(1.3)
7/64
(0.3)
5/8
(1.6)
9/64
(0.4)
3/4
(1.9)
5/32
(0.4)
7/8
(2.2)
11/64
(0.4)
1
(2.5)
3/16
(0.5)
1 1/8
(2.9)
7/32
(0.6)
1 1/4
(3.2)
1/4
(0.6)
1 3/8
(3.5)
9/32
(0.7)
1 1/2
(3.8)
5/16
(0.8)
1 3/4
(4.4)
11/32
(0.9)
(d) Chains shall only be repaired under qualified supervision.
Links or portions of chain defective under any of the criteria
of WAC 296-56-60073 (9)(c) shall be replaced with properly dimensioned
links or connections of material similar to that of the original
chain. Before repaired chains are returned to service, they
shall be tested to the proof test load recommended by the manufacturer
for the original chain. Tests shall be performed by the manufacturer
or shall be certified by an agency accredited for the purpose
under WAC 296-56-60093. Test certificates shall be available
at the terminal.
(e) Wrought iron chains in constant use shall be annealed or
normalized at intervals not exceeding six months. Heat treatment
certificates shall be available at the terminal. Alloy chains
shall not be annealed.
(f) Kinked or knotted chains shall not be used for lifting.
Chains shall not be shortened by bolting, wiring or knotting.
Makeshift links or fasteners such as wire, bolts or rods shall
not be used.
(g) Hooks, rings, links and attachments affixed to sling chains
shall have rated capacities at least equal to that of the chains
to which they are attached.
(h) Chain slings shall bear identification of size, grade and
rated capacity.
(10) Shackles.
(a) If available, the manufacturer's recommended safe working
loads for shackles shall not be exceeded. In the absence of
manufacturer's recommendations, Table C-3 shall apply.
(b) Screw pin shackles used aloft in house fall or other gear,
except in cargo hook assemblies, shall have their pins moused
or otherwise effectively secured.
TABLE
C-3
SAFE
WORKING LOADS FOR SHACKLES
Material
Size Inches (cm)
Pin
Diameter Inches (cm)
Safe
Working Load in 2,000 lb. Tons
1/2
(1.3)
5/8
(1.6)
1.4
5/8
(1.6)
3/4
(1.9)
2.2
3/4
(1.9)
7/8
(2.2)
3.2
7/8
(2.2)
1
(2.5)
4.3
1
(2.5)
1 1/8
(2.9)
5.6
1 1/8
(2.9)
1 1/4
(3.2)
6.7
1 1/4
(3.2)
1 3/8
(3.5)
8.2
1 3/8
(3.5)
1 1/2
(3.8)
10.0
1 1/2
(3.8)
1 5/8
(4.1)
11.9
1 3/4
(4.4)
2
(5.1)
16.2
2
(5.1)
2 1/4
(5.7)
21.2
(c) Tables G-2 through G-5 shall be used to determine the safe
working loads of various sizes and classifications of improved
plow steel wire rope slings with various types of terminals.
For sizes, classifications and grades not included in these
tables the safe working load recommended by the manufacturer
for specific, identifiable products shall be followed, however,
a safety factor of not less than five shall be maintained.
TABLE
G-1
MANILA
ROPE
In
Pounds or Tons of 2,000 Pounds
Circumference
Diameter
in Inches
Single
Leg
60
Degree
45
Degree
30
Degree
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
3/4
1/4
120
204
170
120
1
5/16
200
346
282
200
1
1/8
3/8
270
467
380
270
1
1/4
7/16
350
605
493
350
1
3/8
15/32
450
775
635
450
1
1/2
1/2
530
915
798
530
1
3/4
9/16
690
1190
973
690
2
5/8
880
1520
1240
880
2
1/4
3/4
1080
1870
1520
1080
2
1/2
13/16
1300
2250
1830
1300
2
3/4
7/8
1540
2660
2170
1540
3
1
1800
3120
2540
1800
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
3
1/4
1
1/16
1.0
1.7
1.4
1.0
3
1/2
1
1/8
1.2
2.1
1.7
1.2
3
3/4
1
1/4
1.35
2.3
1.9
1.35
4
1
5/16
1.5
2.6
2.1
1.5
4
1/2
1
1/2
1.8
3.1
2.5
1.8
5
1
5/8
2.25
3.9
3.2
2.25
5
1/2
1
3/4
2.6
4.5
3.7
2.6
6
2
3.1
5.4
4.4
3.1
6
1/2
2
1/8
3.6
6.2
5.1
3.6
In making such a substitution it should be ascertained that
the inherent characteristics of the synthetic fiber are suitable
for the intended service of the rope.
TABLE G-2 RATED CAPACITIES FOR IMPROVED PLOW
STEEL, INDEPENDENT WIRE ROPE CORE , WIRE ROPE AND WIRE SLINGS
(IN TONS OF 2,000 POUNDS)
Rope
Diameter Inches
Single
Leg
Vertical
Choker
A
B
C
A
B
C
6 x 19 Classification
1/4"
.59
.56
.53
.44
.42
.40
3/8"
1.3
1.2
1.1
.98
.93
.86
1/2"
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.5
5/8"
3.6
3.4
3.0
2.7
2.5
2.2
3/4:
5.1
4.9
4.2
3.8
3.6
3.1
7/8"
6.9
6.6
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.1
1"
9.0
8.5
7.2
6.7
6.4
5.4
1 1/8"
11
10
9.0
8.5
7.8
6.8
6 x 37 Classification
1 1/4"
13
12
10
9.9
9.2
7.9
1 3/8"
16
15
13
12
11
9.6
1 1/2"
19
17
15
14
13
11
1 3/4"
26
24
20
19
18
15
2"
33
30
26
25
23
20
2 1/4"
41
38
33
31
29
25
(A) Socket or Swaged
Terminal Attachment. (B) Mechanical Sleeve Attachment.
(C) Hand Tucked Splice Attachment
TABLE G-3 RATED CAPACITIES FOR IMPROVED PLOW
STEEL, INDEPENDENT WIRE ROPE CORE, WIRE ROPE SLINGS (IN TONS OF
2,000 POUNDS)
Two-leg bridle or
basket hitch
Rope
dia. inches
Vertical
60
Degree
45Degree
30
Degree
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
6 x 19 Classification
1/4"
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
.97
.92
.83
.79
.75
.59
.56
.53
3/8"
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.1
1/2"
4.6
4.4
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.4
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.3
2.2
2.0
5/8"
7.2
6.8
6.0
6.2
5.9
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.0
3/4"
10
9.7
8.4
8.9
8.4
7.3
7.2
6.9
5.9
5.1
4.9
4.2
7/8"
14
13
11
12
11
9.6
9.8
9.3
7.8
6.9
6.6
5.5
1"
18
17
14
15
15
12
13
12
10
9.0
8.5
7.2
1 1/8"
23
21
18
19
18
16
16
15
13
11
10
9.0
6 x 37 Classification
1 1/4"
26
24
21
23
21
18
19
17
15
13
12
10
1 3/8"
32
29
25
28
25
22
22
21
18
16
15
13
1 1/2"
38
35
30
33
30
26
27
25
21
19
17
15
1 3/4"
51
47
41
44
41
35
36
33
29
26
24
20
2"
66
61
53
57
53
46
47
43
37
33
30
26
2 1/4"
83
76
66
72
66
57
58
54
47
41
38
33
(A) Socket or Swaged
Terminal Attachment. (B) Mechanical Sleeve Attachment.
(C) Hand Tucked Splice Attachment.
TABLE
G-4 RATED CAPACITIES FOR IMPROVED PLOW STEEL, FIBER CORE, WIRE
ROPE, AND WIRE ROPE SLINGS
(IN
TONS OF 2,000 POUNDS)
Rope
Diameter Inches
Single
Leg
Vertical
Choker
A
B
C
A
B
C
6 x 19 Classification
1/4"
.55
.51
.49
.41
.38
.37
3/8"
1.2
1.1
1.1
.91
.85
.80
1/2"
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
5/8"
3.3
3.1
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.1
3/4"
4.8
4.4
3.9
3.6
3.3
2.9
7/8"
6.4
5.9
5.1
4.8
4.5
3.9
1"
8.4
7.7
6.7
6.3
5.8
5.0
1 1/8"
10
9.5
8.4
7.9
7.1
6.3
6 x 37 Classification
1 1/4"
12
11
9.8
9.2
8.3
7.4
1 3/8"
15
13
12
11
10
8.9
1 1/2"
17
16
14
13
12
10
1 3/4"
24
21
19
18
16
14
2"
31
28
25
23
21
18
(A) Socket or Swaged
Terminal Attachment. (B) Mechanical Sleeve Attachment.
(C) Hand Tucked Splice Attachment
(A) Socket or Swaged
Terminal Attachment. (B) Mechanical Sleeve Attachment.
(C) Hand Tucked Splice Attachment.
TABLE
G-6 ALLOY STEEL CHAIN
(In
Tons of 2,000 Pounds)
Nominal
Size Chain Stock Inch
Single
Leg
60
Degree
45 Degree
30
Degree
1/4
1.62
2.82
2.27
1.62
3/8
3.30
5.70
4.65
3.30
1/2
5.62
9.75
7.90
5.62
5/8
8.25
14.25
11.65
8.25
3/4
11.5
19.9
16.2
11.5
7/8
14.3
24.9
20.3
14.3
1
19.3
33.5
27.3
19.8
1 1/8
22.2
38.5
31.5
22.2
1 1/4
28.7
49.7
40.5
28.7
1 3/8
33.5
58.0
47.0
33.5
1 1/2
39.7
68.5
56.0
39.7
1 5/8
42.5
73.5
59.5
42.5
1 3/4
47.0
81.5
62.0
47.0
(11) Hooks other than hand hooks.
(a) The manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed in
determining the safe working loads of the various sizes and
types of specific and identifiable hooks. All hooks for which
no applicable manufacturer's recommendations are available shall
be tested to twice the intended safe working load before they
are initially put into use. The employer shall maintain a record
of the dates and results of such tests.
(b) Loads shall be applied to the throat of the hook since
loading the point may overstress, bend, or spring the hook.
(c) Hooks shall be inspected once a month to see that they
have not been bent by overloading. Bent or sprung hooks shall
not be used.
(d) Crane hooks. Magnetic particle or other suitable crack
detecting inspection shall be performed at least once each year.
When testing by x-ray, the pertinent provisions of the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission's standards for protection against radiation,
relating to protection against occupational radiation exposure,
shall apply.
(e) Any activity which involves the use of radioactive materials
or x-rays, whether or not under license from the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, shall be performed by competent persons specially
trained in the proper and safe operation of such equipment.
In the case of materials used under commission license, only
persons actually licensed, or competent persons under direction
and supervision of the licensee, shall perform such work.
(f) Teeth of case hooks shall not be split, cracked, or deformed.
(g) Jaws of patent clamp type plate hooks shall be kept in
safe condition so that they will grip plates securely.
(12) Pallets.
(a) Pallets shall be made and maintained to safely support
and carry loads being handled. Fastenings of reusable pallets
used for hoisting shall be bolts and nuts, drive screws (helically
threaded nails), annular threaded nails or fastenings of equivalent
holding strength.
(b) Damaged pallets shall be stored in designated areas and
identified.
(c) Reusable wing or lip-type pallets shall be hoisted by bar
bridles or other suitable gear and shall have an overhanging
wing or lip of at least three inches (7.62 cm). They shall not
be hoisted by wire slings alone.
(d) Loaded pallets that do not meet the requirements of this
paragraph shall be hoisted only after being placed on pallets
meeting such requirements or shall be handled by other means
providing equivalent protection.
(e) Bridles for handling flush end or box-type pallets shall
be designed to prevent disengagement from the pallet under load.
(f) Pallets shall be stacked or placed to prevent falling,
collapsing or otherwise causing a hazard under standard operating
conditions.
(g) Disposable pallets intended only for one use shall not
be re-used for hoisting.
(1) “Cargo board” means the typical wing
or lip-type stevedore board hoisted to or from vessels by means
of a bar bridle. “Other pallet boards” includes all
other platforms used to hold cargo for the purpose of transporting
it from place to place.
(2) All pallets and cargo boards shall be of such material and
construction as to safely support and carry loads being handled.
(3) All cargo boards shall be sheathed (decked) top and bottom
with the top sheathing being of two-inch lumber and extending
at least six inches beyond the end stringers.
(4) The outer sheathing boards or boards adjacent thereto on
cargo boards shall be fastened to the stringers by bolts and nuts.
Other sheathing shall be fastened by bolts and nuts, drive screws
(helically threaded nails), annular threaded nails, or fastenings
of equivalent strength.
(5) Pallet boards, other than cargo boards, may be hoisted if
safe means are provided for the type of board used.
(6) Loaded cargo or pallet boards which do not meet the requirements
of this section shall be reboarded or placed on cargo boards meeting
the requirements of this section before being hoisted, only if
the weight of the load can be safely distributed on the cargo
board.
(7) Cargo boards which are not loaded and secured so that the
load will not tip or fall shall not be hoisted.
(8) Bridles used to handle flush-end or box-type pallets shall
be of such a design as to prevent them from becoming disengaged
from the pallet under load.
Note: In areas where a two lip cargo board
is being used, that practice shall continue. The department of
labor and industries recommends the use of the two lip cargo board.
(1) Applicability. This section applies to every type of powered
industrial truck used for material or equipment handling within
a marine terminal. Employers must comply with the provisions of
chapter 296-863 WAC and this section. It does not apply to over-the-road
vehicles.
(2) General.
(a) Modifications, such as adding counterweights, that might
affect the vehicle's capacity or safety shall not be performed
without either the manufacturer's prior written approval or
the written approval of a professional engineer experienced
with the equipment who has consulted with the manufacturer,
if available. Capacity, operation and maintenance instruction
plates, tags or decals shall be changed to conform to the equipment
as modified.
(b) Unauthorized personnel shall not ride on powered industrial
trucks. A safe place to ride shall be provided when riding is
authorized.
(c) When a powered industrial truck is left unattended, load-engaging
means shall be fully lowered, controls neutralized and brakes
set. Unless the truck is in view and within twenty-five feet
(7.62 m) of the operator, power shall be shut off. Wheels shall
be blocked or curbed if the truck is on an incline.
(d) Powered industrial trucks shall not be operated inside
highway vehicles or railcars having damage which could affect
operational safety.
(e) Powered industrial trucks shall be marked with their rated
capacities, which shall be visible to the operator.
(f) Only stable and safely arranged loads within the rated
capacity of the truck shall be handled.
(g) Drivers shall ascend and descend grades slowly.
(h) Drivers shall slow down and sound the horn at cross aisles
and other locations where visibility is obstructed.
(i) If the load obstructs the forward view drivers shall travel
with the load trailing.
(j) Steering knobs shall not be used unless the truck is equipped
with power steering.
(k) When powered industrial trucks use cargo lifting devices
that have a means of engagement hidden from the operator, a
means shall be provided to enable the operator to determine
that the cargo has been engaged.
(l) When cargo is being towed on pipe trucks or similar equipment,
a safe means shall be provided to protect the driver from sliding
loads.
(3) Maintenance.
(a) Only designated persons shall perform maintenance and repair.
(b) Batteries on all powered trucks shall be disconnected during
repairs to the primary electrical system unless power is necessary
for testing and repair. On trucks equipped with systems capable
of storing residual energy, that energy shall be safely discharged
before work on the primary electrical system begins.
(c) Replacement parts whose function might affect operational
safety shall be equivalent in strength and performance capability
to the original parts which they replace.
(d) Braking systems or other mechanisms used for braking shall
be operable and in safe condition.
(e) Powered industrial trucks shall be maintained in safe working
order. Safety devices shall not be removed or made inoperative
except as otherwise provided in this section. Trucks with a
fuel system leak or any other safety defect shall not be operated.
(f) Those repairs to the fuel and ignition systems of industrial
trucks which involve fire hazards shall be conducted only in
locations designated as safe for such repairs.
(4) Approved trucks.
(a) “Approved power-operated industrial truck”
means one listed or approved for the intended use by a nationally
recognized testing laboratory.
(b) Approved trucks acquired and used after February 15, 1972,
shall bear a label or other identification indicating testing
laboratory approval.
(c) When the atmosphere in an area is hazardous and the provisions
of United States Coast Guard regulations at 33 CFR 126.15(e)
do not apply, only power-operated industrial trucks approved
for such locations shall be used.
(5) Duties of operator.
(a) A power-driven vehicle operator's special duties are:
(i) To operate the vehicle in a safe manner.
(ii) To test brakes, steering gear, lights, horns, or other
warning devices, clutches, etc., before starting work.
(iii) To have the vehicle at all times under control so that
it can be brought to an emergency stop in the clear space
in front of the vehicle.
(iv) To back down any incline of two percent or more when
traveling with a load on the fork lift jitney.
(b) Unobstructed view. When traveling, power-propelled vehicles
shall at all times be operated in a manner giving the operator
a reasonably unobstructed view in the direction of travel. Where
this is impractical, the operator shall be directed in travel,
by a person designated to do so.
(c) Employee riding safety. Operators and authorized passengers
shall not be permitted to ride with legs or arms extending outside
any vehicle nor shall they be permitted to ride while standing
unless the vehicle is designed to be operated from a standing
position.
(d) Moving vehicles. Vehicles shall be controlled manually
while being pushed or towed except when a tow bar is used. Special
precautions shall be taken when pushing vehicles where view
is obstructed. Vehicles shall not be pushed with blades of a
forklift.
(e) Moving highway trailers. In all cargo operations involving
the use of highway trailers, trailers shall be moved in such
a manner that the moving trailer is completely under control
at all times. Special caution shall be exercised when such trailers
are moving on inclines. Trailers shall be loaded in a manner,
which will prevent the cargo from shifting, and the load in
the trailer shall be evenly distributed so as not to cause the
trailer to tip to one side.
(f) Prohibited forms of riding. Riding on tongue or handles
of trailers or forks of power-propelled vehicles is prohibited.
(g) Regular seats for riders. No one except the operator shall
ride on power-driven vehicles unless regular seats are provided
to accommodate passengers.
(h) Jumping on or off moving vehicles. Employees shall not
jump on or off moving vehicles.
(i) Reporting defects. If a power-driven vehicle is at any
time found to be in any way unsafe, the operator shall report
same immediately to the person in charge and such vehicle shall
not be used for production work until it has been made safe.
(6) Vehicle equipment and maintenance.
(a) Horns and lights. All power-propelled vehicles shall be
provided with horns or other warning devices.
(b) Power-propelled vehicles used for night work, when required
to travel away from an illuminated work area shall be equipped
with a light or lights directed in the direction of travel in
order to safely travel about the area.
(c) Guards on operator's platform. Every power truck operated
from an end platform or standing position shall be equipped
with a substantial guard securely attached to the platform or
frame of the vehicle in such a manner as to protect the operator
from falling objects and so designed that the operator can easily
mount or dismount from the operating station.
(d) Seat cushions. All vehicles having a driver's seat shall
be provided with resilient seat cushions fixed in place.
(e) Securing of counterbalances. Counterbalances of all power-driven
vehicles shall be positively secured to prevent accidental dislodging,
but may be a removable type, which may be removed, if desired,
prior to hoisting the vehicle.
(f) Exhaust pipes and mufflers. Exhaust pipes and mufflers
of internal combustion engines, where workers are exposed to
contact shall be isolated or insulated. Exhaust pipes shall
be constructed to discharge not less than seventy-two inches
above the floor on jitneys and eighty-four inches on forklifts
or less than twenty inches from the floor.
(g) Ventilation where internal combustion vehicles are used.
Internal combustion engines may be used only in areas where
adequate ventilation is provided.
(h) Concentration levels of carbon monoxide gas created by
powered industrial truck operations shall not exceed the levels
specified in WAC 296-56-60055.
(i) When disputes arise concerning degree of concentration,
methods of sampling to ascertain the conditions should be referred
to a qualified industrial hygienist.
(j) Cargo truck couplings. Couplings installed on cargo trucks
(four-wheelers) shall be of a type, which will prevent accidental
disengaging.
(k) Operating levers. Operating levers on power-driven vehicles
shall be so placed as not to project toward the operator's body.
(l) Front axle assembly. The front axle assembly on all trailers
shall be securely fastened to the truck bed.
(m) Air line hook-up. Tractors hauling heavy duty highway trailers
shall have an airline brake hook-up.
(n) Floor mats. On power-driven vehicles where the operator
stands on a platform, resilient foot mats shall be securely
attached.
(o) Cleaning vehicles. All power-propelled vehicles shall be
cleaned at frequent intervals to remove any accumulation of
dust and grease that may present a hazard.
(7) Forklift trucks.
(a) Overhead guards.
(i) When operators are exposed to overhead falling hazards,
forklift trucks shall be equipped with securely attached overhead
guards. Guards shall be constructed to protect the operator
from falling boxes, cartons, packages, or similar objects.
(ii) Overhead guards shall not obstruct the operator's view,
and openings in the top of the guard shall not exceed six
inches (15.24 cm) in one of the two directions, width or length.
Larger openings are permitted if no opening allows the smallest
unit of cargo being handled to fall through the guard.
(iii) Overhead guards shall be built so that failure of the
vehicle's mast tilting mechanism will not displace the guard.
(iv) An overhead guard, otherwise required by this paragraph,
may be removed only when it would prevent a truck from entering
a work space and if the operator is not exposed to low overhead
obstructions in the work space.
(v) Overhead guards shall be large enough to extend over
the operator during all truck operations, including forward
tilt.
(b) Supplies to ship's rail. Cargo or supplies shall not be
hoisted to or from ship's rail with a forklift. This does not
apply to ramp or side port loading.
(c) Position of forks. When standing, lift forklift forks shall
be lowered to floor. When moving, lift forklift forks shall
be kept as low as possible.
(d) Forklift use in gangplank moving. Not less than two forklifts
shall be used to place or remove gangplanks unless fork width
prevents tipping and manufacturer's rated lifting capacity of
the forklift is not exceeded.
(e) Forklift seat covers. Seats on forklifts shall be provided
with a removable waterproof cover when they are exposed to the
weather.
(f) Raised equipment to be blocked. Workers shall not work
below the raised bed of a dump truck, raised buckets of front
end loaders, raised blades of tractors or in similar positions
without blocking the equipment in a manner that will prevent
it from falling. When working under equipment suspended by use
of jacks, safety stands or blocking shall be used in conjunction
with the jack.
(g) Maximum speed. The maximum speed for forklifts on all docks
shall not exceed eight miles per hour. The speed limit shall
be prominently posted on such docks.
(h) Load backrest extensions. Where necessary to protect the
operator, forklift trucks shall be fitted with a vertical load
backrest extension to prevent the load from hitting the mast
when the mast is positioned at maximum backward tilt. For this
purpose, a “load backrest extension” means a device
extending vertically from the fork carriage frame to prevent
raised loads from falling backward.
(i) Forks. Forks, fork extensions and other attachments shall
be secured so that they cannot be accidentally dislodged, and
shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(j) Counterweights. Counterweights shall be so affixed that
they cannot be accidentally dislodged.
(k) Capacities and weights.
(i) Forklift truck rated capacities, with and without removable
counterweights, shall not be exceeded. Rated capacities shall
be marked on the vehicle and shall be visible to the operator.
The vehicle weight, with and without counterweight, shall
be similarly marked.
(ii) If loads are lifted by two or more trucks working in
unison, the total weight of the load shall not exceed the
combined rated lifting capacity of all trucks involved.
(l) Lifting of employees. Employees may be elevated by forklift
trucks only when a platform is secured to the lifting carriage
or forks. The platform shall meet the following requirements:
(i) The platform shall have a railing complying with WAC
296-56-60123(3).
(ii) The platform shall have toeboards complying with WAC
296-56-60123(4), if tools or other objects could fall on employees
below.
(iii) When the truck has controls, which are elevated with
the lifting carriage, means shall be provided for employees
on the platform to shut off power to the vehicle.
(iv) Employees on the platform shall be protected from exposure
to moving truck parts.
(v) The platform floor shall be skid resistant.
(vi) A truck operator shall be at the truck's controls when
employees are elevated unless the truck's controls are elevated
with the lifting carriage.
(vii) While employees are elevated, the truck may be moved
only to make minor placement adjustments.
(8) Bulk cargo-moving vehicles.
(a) Where a seated operator may come into contact with projecting
overhead members, crawler-type bulk-cargo-moving vehicles that
are rider operated shall be equipped with operator guards.
(b) Guards and their attachment points shall be so designed
as to be able to withstand, without excessive deflection, a
load applied horizontally at the operator's shoulder level equal
to the drawbar pull of the machine.
(c) After July 26, 1999, bulk cargo-moving vehicles shall be
equipped with rollover protection of such design and construction
as to prevent the possibility of the operator being crushed
because of a rollover or upset.
(9) Straddle trucks.
(a) Accessibility. Straddle trucks shall have a permanent means
of access to the operator's station, including any handholds
necessary for safe ascent and descent.
(b) Guarding.
(i) Main sprockets and chains to the wheels shall be guarded
as follows:
(A) The upper sprocket shall be fully enclosed;
(B) The upper half of the lower sprocket shall be enclosed;
and
(C) The drive chain shall be enclosed to a height of eight
feet (2.44 m) except for that portion at the lower half
of the lower sprocket.
(ii) Gears shall be fully enclosed and revolving parts which
may be contacted by the operator shall be guarded.
(iii) When straddle trucks are used in the vicinity of employees,
personnel-deflecting guards shall be provided around leading
edges of front and rear wheels.
(c) Visibility. Operator visibility shall be provided in all
directions of movement.
(10) Trailer-spotting tractors.
(a) Trailer-spotting tractors (fifth wheels) shall be fitted
with any hand grabs and footing necessary for safe access to
the fifth wheel.
(b) Rear cab windows shall be of safety glass or equivalent
material.
(1) The requirements of this section apply to general vehicle
use within marine terminals except in cases where the provisions
of subsections (3) and (13) of this section are preempted by regulations
of the department of transportation.
(2) Private vehicle parking in marine terminals shall be allowed
only in designated areas.
(3) Trailers shall not be disconnected from tractors at loading
docks until the road wheels have been immobilized. The road wheels
shall be immobilized from the time the brake system is disconnected
until braking is again provided. Supplementary front end support
shall be employed as necessary to prevent tipping when a trailer
is entered by a material handling vehicle. Rear end support shall
be employed if rear wheels are so far forward as to allow tipping
when the trailer is entered.
(4) The employer shall direct motor vehicle operators to comply
with any posted speed limits, other traffic control signs or signals,
and written traffic instructions.
(5) Stop signs shall be posted at main entrances and exits of
structures where visibility is impaired, and at blind intersections,
unless direct traffic control, warning mirror systems or other
systems of equivalent safety are provided.
(6) Vehicular routes, traffic rules and parking areas shall be
established, identified and used.
(7) Vehicle drivers shall warn anyone in traffic lanes of the
vehicle's approach.
(8) Signs indicating pedestrian traffic shall be clearly posted
at vehicular check-in and checkout lines and similar locations
where employees may be working.
(9) A distance of not less than twenty feet (6.1 m) shall be
maintained between the first two vehicles in a check-in, check-out,
road ability, or vessel loading/discharging line. This distance
shall be maintained between any subsequent vehicles behind which
employees are required to work.
(10) No unattended vehicle shall be left with its engine running
unless secured against movement (see WAC 296-56-60077 for powered
industrial trucks).
(11) When the rear of a vehicle is elevated to facilitate loading
or discharging, a ramp shall be provided and secured. The vehicle
shall be secured against accidental movement during loading or
discharging.
(12) Only vehicle floors in safe condition shall be used.
(13) When flatbed trucks, platform containers or similar conveyances
are loaded or discharged and the cargo consists of pipe or other
products, which could spread or roll to endanger employees, the
cargo shall be contained to prevent movement.
(14) Vehicles used to transport employees within a terminal shall
be maintained in safe working order and safety devices shall not
be removed or made inoperable.
Servicing of multipiece and single-piece rim wheels in marine
terminal and other maritime work locations on large vehicles is
regulated by requirements of chapter
296-864 WAC, Split (multipiece) rim and single-piece rim wheels.
(a) This section through WAC 296-56-60103 applies to every
kind of crane and derrick and to any other type of equipment
performing the functions of a crane or derrick except as noted
in (b) of this subsection.
(b) This section does not apply to small industrial truck-type
cranes, container handling top loaders and side loaders, chain
hoists, and mobile straddle-type cranes incapable of straddling
two or more intermodal containers (sixteen feet (4.88 m) in
width).
(2) Ratings.
(a) Except for bridge cranes covered by subsection (7) of this
section, cranes and derricks having ratings that vary with boom
length, radius (outreach) or other variables shall have a durable
rating chart visible to the operator, covering the complete
range of the manufacturer's (or design) capacity ratings. The
rating chart shall include all operating radii (outreach) for
all permissible boom lengths and jib lengths as applicable,
with and without outriggers, and alternate ratings for optional
equipment affecting such ratings. Precautions or warnings specified
by the owner or manufacturer shall be included.
(b) The manufacturer's (or design) rated loads for the conditions
of use shall not be exceeded.
(c) Designated working loads shall not be increased beyond
the manufacturer's ratings or original design limitations unless
such increase receives the manufacturer's approval. When the
manufacturer's services are not available or where the equipment
is of foreign manufacture, engineering design analysis shall
be performed or approved by a person accredited for certifying
the equipment under WAC 296-56-60093. Cranes shall conform with
the manufacturer's specifications or any current ANSI standards
that apply. Engineering design analysis shall be performed by
a registered professional engineer competent in the field of
cranes and derricks. Any structural changes necessitated by
the change in rating shall be carried out.
(3) Radius indicator. When the rated load varies with the boom
radius, the crane or derrick shall be fitted with a boom angle
or radius indicator visible to the operator.
(4) Prohibited usage.
(a) Equipment shall not be used in a manner that exerts side
loading stresses upon the crane or derrick boom.
(b) No crane or derrick having a visible or known defect that
affects safe operation shall be used.
(5) Protective devices.
(a) When exposed moving parts such as gears, chains and chain
sprockets present a hazard to employees during crane and derrick
operations, those parts shall be securely guarded.
(b) Crane hooks shall be latched or otherwise secured to prevent
accidental load disengagement.
(c) When hoisting personnel in an approved man basket, the
hook shall have a positive safety latch to prevent rollouts.
(6) General.
(a) Operating controls.
(i) Crane and derrick operating controls shall be clearly
marked, or a chart indicating their function shall be posted
at the operator's position.
(ii) All crane controls shall operate in a uniform manner
within a given port.
(iii) Overhead bridge and container gantry crane operating
control levers shall be self-centering so that they will automatically
move to the “off” position when the operator releases
the control.
(b) Booms. Cranes with elevatable booms and without operable
automatic limiting devices shall be provided with boom stops
if boom elevation can exceed maximum design angles from the
horizontal.
(c) Foot pedals. Foot pedals shall have a nonskid surface.
(d) Access. Ladders, stairways, stanchions, grab irons, foot
steps or equivalent means shall be provided as necessary to
ensure safe access to foot walks, cab platforms, the cab and
any portion of the superstructure which employees must reach.
(i) Foot walks shall be of rigid construction, and shall
be capable of supporting a load of one hundred pounds (4.79
kPa) per square foot.
(ii) If more than twenty feet (6.1 m) in height, vertical
ladders shall comply with WAC 296-56-60209 (4), (5)(a), (5)(b)(iii)
and (5)(b)(iv).
(iii) Stairways on cranes shall be equipped with rigid handrails
meeting the requirements of WAC 296-56-60123 (5)(a).
(iv) If the top of a ladder or stairway or any position thereof
is located where a moving part of a crane, such as a revolving
house, could strike an employee ascending or descending the
ladder or stairway, a prominent warning sign shall be posted
at the foot of the ladder or stairway. A system of communication
(such as a buzzer or bell) shall be established and maintained
between the foot of the ladder or stairway and the operator's
cab.
(e) Operator's station. The cab, controls, and mechanism of
the equipment shall be so arranged that the operator has a clear
view of the load or signal person, when one is used. Cab glass,
when used, shall be safety plate glass or equivalent and good
visibility shall be maintained through the glass. Clothing,
tools and equipment shall be stored so as not to interfere with
access, operation, or the operator's view.
(f) A seat (lap) belt, meeting the requirements of 49 CFR 571.208-210
for a Type 1 seat belt assembly, shall be installed on the operator's
seat of high speed container gantry cranes where the seat trolleys.
(g) Counterweights or ballast. Cranes shall be operated only
with the specified type and amount of ballast or counterweights.
Ballast or counterweight shall be located and secured only as
provided in the manufacturer's or design specifications, which
shall be available.
(h) Outriggers. Outriggers shall be used according to the manufacturer's
specifications or design data, which shall be available. Floats,
when used, shall be securely attached to the outriggers. Wood
blocks or other support shall be of sufficient size to support
the outrigger, free of defects that may affect safety and of
sufficient width and length to prevent the crane from shifting
or toppling under load.
(i) Exhaust gases. Engine exhaust gases shall be discharged
away from the normal position of crane operating personnel.
(j) Electrical equipment shall be so located or enclosed that
live parts will not be exposed to accidental contact. Designated
persons may work on energized equipment only if necessary during
inspection, maintenance, or repair.
(k) Fire extinguisher.
(i) At least one portable fire extinguisher of at least 5-BC
rating or equivalent shall be accessible in the cab of the
crane or derrick.
(ii) No portable fire extinguisher using carbon tetrachloride
or chlorobromomethane extinguishing agents shall be used.
Note: For additional requirements relating
to portable fire extinguishers see WAC 296-800-300.
(l) Rope on drums. At least three full turns of rope shall
remain on ungrooved drums, and two turns on grooved drums, under
all operating conditions. Wire rope shall be secured to drums
by clamps, U-bolts, shackles, or equivalent means. Fiber rope
fastenings are prohibited.
(m) Assembly or disassembly of boom sections. Mobile crane
booms being assembled or disassembled on the ground with or
without the support of the boom harness shall be blocked to
prevent dropping of the boom or boom sections.
(n) Brakes.
(i) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane shall be equipped
with at least one holding brake, applied directly to the motor
shaft or gear train.
(ii) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane, except worm
geared hoists, the angle of whose worm is such as to prevent
the load from accelerating in the lowering direction, shall,
in addition to a holding brake, be equipped with a controlled
braking means to control lowering speeds.
(iii) Holding brakes for hoist units shall have not less
than the following percentage of the rated load hoisting torque
at the point where the brake is applied:
(A) One hundred twenty-five percent when used with a controlled
braking means.
(B) One hundred percent when used with a mechanically-controlled
braking means.
(C) One hundred percent when two holding brakes are provided.
(iv) All power control braking means shall be capable of
maintaining safe lowering speeds of rated loads.
(o) Each crane or derrick shall be equipped with sufficient
lights to maintain five foot candles in the working area around
the load hook. All crane ladders and machinery houses shall
be illuminated at a minimum of two candle power.
(p) Light fixtures connected to the boom, gantry legs, or machinery
house shall be provided with safety devices which will prevent
the light fixture from falling in case of bracket failure.
(q) Electronic devices may be installed to prevent collision
subject to approval of the accredited certification agency.
(r) On all rail gantry cranes, truck guards shall extend on
the ends of the trucks, close to the top of the rail to prevent
worker's feet from being caught between the rail and wheel.
This subsection does not apply if rail sweeps are present.
(s) All hydraulic cylinders used to control crane booms or
to provide crane stability (outriggers) shall be equipped with
a pilot operated check valve or a device which will prevent
the boom or outrigger from retracting in case of failure of
a component of the hydraulic system.
(t) Gantry cranes shall be provided with automatic rail clamps
or other devices to prevent the crane from moving when not being
used or when power is off.
(a) For the purposes of this section, rail-mounted cranes include
bridge cranes and portal cranes.
(b) Rated load marking. The rated loads of bridge cranes shall
be plainly marked on each side of the crane and in the cab.
If there is more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have
its rated load marked on it or on its load block. Marking shall
be legible from the ground level.
(c) Wind-indicating devices.
(i) Each rail-mounted bridge and portal crane located outside
of an enclosed structure shall be fitted with an operable
wind-indicating device.
(ii) The wind indicating device shall provide a visible or
audible warning to alert the operator of high wind conditions.
That warning shall be transmitted whenever the following circumstances
are present:
(A) When wind velocity reaches the warning speed, not exceeding
the crane manufacturer's recommendations; and
(B) When wind velocity reaches the shutdown speed, not
exceeding the crane manufacturer's recommendations, at which
work is to be stopped and the crane secured.
(iii) Instructions. The employer shall post operating instructions
for high wind conditions in the operator's cab of each crane.
Operators shall be directed to comply with these instructions.
The instructions shall include procedures for responding to
high wind alerts and for any coordination necessary with other
cranes.
(d) Securing of cranes in high winds.
(i) When the wind reaches the crane's warning speed:
(A) Gantry travel shall be stopped; and
(B) The crane shall be readied for shutdown.
(ii) When the wind reaches the crane's shutdown speed:
(A) Any portion of the crane spanning or partially spanning
a vessel shall be moved clear of the vessel if safe to do
so; and
(B) The crane shall be secured against travel, using all
available means of securing.
(e) The employer shall monitor local weather conditions by
subscribing to a weather service or using equally effective
means.
(f) Stops and bumpers.
(i) The ends of all tracks shall be equipped with stops or
bumpers. If a stop engages the tread of the wheel, it shall
be of a height not less than the radius of the wheel.
(ii) When more than one crane operates on the same runway
or more than one trolley on the same bridge, each crane or
trolley shall be equipped with bumpers or equivalent devices
at adjacent ends subject to impact.
(g) Employee exposure to crane movement. When employees may
be in the vicinity of the tracks, crane trucks shall be equipped
with personnel-deflecting guards.
(h) Pedestrian clearance. If the track area is used for employee
passage or for work, a minimum clearance of three feet (0.91
m) shall be provided between trucks or the structures of rail-mounted
cranes and any other structure or obstruction. When the required
clearance is not available on at least one side of the crane's
trucks, the area shall not be used and shall be marked and identified.
(i) Warning devices. Rail-mounted cranes shall be equipped
with an effective audible and visible travel warning device
which shall be used to warn employees who may be in the path
of the moving crane.
(j) Communications.
(i) Means of communication shall be provided between the
operator's cab and the base of the gantry of all rail-mounted
cranes. This requirement may be met by telephone, radio, sound-signaling
system or other effective methods, but not solely by hand-signaling.
(ii) All rail-mounted cranes thirty ton and above capacity
shall be equipped with a voice hailing device (PA system)
from the operator to the ground, audible within one hundred
feet.
(k) Limit switch bypass systems shall be secured during all
cargo operations. Such bypass systems shall not be used except
in an emergency or during noncargo handling operations such
as stowing cranes or derricks or performing repairs. When a
situation requiring the use of a bypass system or the readjustment
of a limit switch arises, it shall be done only under the direction
of a crane mechanic.
(l) Cranes and crane operations--Scope and application. The
sections of this chapter, WAC 296-56-60083 through 296-56-60099,
apply to cranes, derricks, and crane operations.
(m) Signal persons. A signal person shall be required when
a crane operator's visibility is obstructed. When a signal person
is required to transmit hand signals, they shall be in such
a position that the operator can plainly see the signals.
(n) Signals. All operators and signal persons shall use standard
signals as illustrated for longshore crane operations. (See
Appendices C and D, at the end of this chapter.)
(o) Signal person for power units. Where power units, such
as cranes and winches are utilized and signaling is required,
the operator shall be instructed as to whom is authorized to
give signals. The operator shall take signals only from such
authorized person. In case of emergency, any worker shall be
authorized to give a stop signal.
(i) No draft shall be hoisted unless the winch or crane operator
can clearly see the draft itself or see the signals of any
signal person associated with the operation.
(ii) Loads requiring continuous manual guidance while in
motion shall be provided with tag lines.
(p) Landing loads. Persons assisting in landing a load shall
face the load and use caution to prevent themselves from getting
in a position where they may be caught between the load and
a fixed object.
(8) Stabilizing of locomotive cranes. Loads may be hoisted by
locomotive cranes only if outriggers are in place, unless means
are taken to prevent the load being carried by the truck springs
of the crane.
(9) Operations.
(a) Use of cranes together. When two or more cranes hoist a
load in unison, a designated person shall direct the operation
and instruct personnel in positioning, rigging of the load and
movements to be made.
(b) Guarding of swing radius. Accessible areas within the swing
radius of the body of a revolving crane shall be physically
guarded during operations to prevent an employee from being
caught between the body of the crane and any fixed structure
or between parts of the crane.
(c) Securing mobile crane components in transit. The crane's
superstructure and boom shall be secured against rotation and
carried in line with the direction of travel except when negotiating
turns with an operator in the cab or when the boom is supported
on a dolly. The empty hook or other attachment shall be secured.
(d) Unattended cranes. The following steps shall be taken before
leaving a crane unattended between work periods:
(i) Suspended loads, such as those hoisted by lifting magnets
or clamshell buckets, shall be landed unless the storage position
or maximum hoisting of the suspended device will provide equivalent
safety;
(ii) Clutches shall be disengaged;
(iii) The power supply shall be shut off;
(iv) The crane shall be secured against accidental travel;
and
(v) The boom shall be lowered or secured against movement.
(e) Operating near electric power lines.
(i) Clearance. Unless electrical distribution and transmission
lines are deenergized and visibly grounded at point of work,
or unless insulating barriers not a part of or an attachment
to the crane have been erected to prevent physical contact
with lines, cranes may be operated near power lines only in
accordance with following:
(A) For lines rated 50 kV or below, minimum clearance between
the lines and any part of the crane or load shall be ten
feet (3.05 m);
(B) For lines rated over 50 kV, minimum clearance between
the lines and any part of the crane or load shall be either
10 feet (3.05 m) plus 0.4 inch (10.16 mm) for each 1 kV
over 50 kV, or twice the length of the line insulator, but
never less than ten feet; and
(C) In transit with no load and boom lowered, the clearance
shall be a minimum of four feet (1.22 m).
(ii) Boom guards. Cage-type boom guards, insulating links
or proximity warning devices may be used on cranes, but they
shall not be used in place of the clearances required by subsection
(9)(e)(i) of this section.
(iii) Determination of energized lines. Any overhead line
shall be presumed to be energized until the owner of the line
indicates that it is not energized.
(10) Protection for employees being hoisted.
(a) No employee shall be hoisted by the load hoisting apparatus
of a crane or derrick except:
(i) On intermodal container spreaders, equipped in accordance
with this subsection; or
(ii) In a boatswain's chair or other device rigged to prevent
it from accidental disengagement from the hook or supporting
member; or
(iii) On a platform meeting the following requirements:
(A) Enclosed by a railing or other means providing protection
equivalent to that described in WAC 296-56-60123(3). If
equipped with open railings, the platform shall be fitted
with toe boards;
(B) Having a safety factor of four based on ultimate strength;
(C) Bearing a plate or permanent marking indicating maximum
load rating, which shall not be exceeded, and the weight
of the platform itself;
(D) Equipped with a device to prevent access doors, when
used, from opening accidentally;
(E) Equipped with overhead protection for employees on
the platform if they are exposed to falling objects or overhead
hazards;
(F) Secured to the load line by means other than wedge
and socket attachments, unless the free (bitter) end of
the line is secured back to itself by a clamp placed as
close above the wedge as possible.
(b) Except in an emergency, the hoisting mechanism of all overhead
and container gantry cranes used to hoist personnel shall operate
in power up and power down, with automatic brake application
when not hoisting or lowering.
(c) Variable radius booms of a crane or derrick used to hoist
personnel shall be so constructed or secured as to prevent accidental
boom movement.
(d) Platforms or devices used to hoist employees shall be inspected
for defects before each day's use and shall be removed from
service if defective.
(e) Employees being hoisted shall remain in continuous sight
of and communication with the operator or signal person.
(f) Operators shall remain at the controls when employees are
hoisted.
(g) Cranes shall not travel while employees are hoisted, except
in emergency or in normal tier to tier transfer of employees
during container operations.
(h) When intermodal container spreaders are used to transfer
employees to or from the tops of containers, the spreaders shall
be equipped with a personnel platform equipped with fixed railings,
provided that the railings have one or more openings for access.
The openings shall be fitted with a means of closure, such as
chains with hooks. Existing railings shall be at least thirty-six
inches (0.91 m) in height. New railings installed after October
3, 1983 shall be forty-two inches (1.07 m), plus or minus three
inches (7.62 cm), in height. The provisions of (a)(iii)(C),
(D), and (F) of this subsection also apply to personnel platforms
when container spreaders are used.
(i) Positive safety latch-type hooks or moused hooks shall
be used.
(j) Employees shall not be hoisted on intermodal container
spreaders while a load is engaged.
(11) Routine inspection.
(a) Designated persons shall visually inspect each crane and
derrick on each day of use for defects in functional operating
components and shall report any defect found to the employer.
The employer shall inform the operator of the findings.
(b) A designated person shall thoroughly inspect all functional
components and accessible structural features of each crane
or device at monthly intervals.
(c) Any defects found during such inspections which may create
a safety hazard shall be corrected before further use. Repairs
shall be performed only by designated persons.
(d) A record of monthly inspections shall be maintained for
six months in or on the crane or derrick or at the terminal.
(1) Except as provided in subsection (8) of this section, every
crane shall be fitted with a load indicating device or alternative
device in proper working condition.
The type or model or any load indicating or alternate device
which is used shall provide:
(a) A direct indication in the cab of actual weight hoisted
or a means of determining this by referencing a weight indication
to crane ratings posted and visible to the operator. The use
of a dynamometer or simple scale alone shall not meet this requirement;
or
(b) Indications in the cab according to the radius and load
at the moment; or
(c) A direct means to prevent an overload from occurring.
(2) Accuracy of the devices required by this section shall be
such that any indicated load (or limit), including the sum of
actual weight hoisted and additional equipment or “add ons”
such as slings, sensors, blocks, etc., is within the range from
no less than ninety-five percent of the actual true total load
(five percent overload) to one hundred ten percent of the actual
true total load (ten percent under load). Such accuracy shall
be required over the range of the daily operating variables to
be expected under the conditions of use.
(3) The device shall permit the operator to determine, before
making any lift, that the indicating or substitute system is operative.
In the alternative, if a device is so mounted or attached to preclude
such a determination, it may not be used unless it has been certified
by the manufacturer to remain operable within the limits stated
in subsection (2) of this section for a specific period of use.
Checks for accuracy, using known values of load, shall be performed
at the time of every certification survey (see WAC 296-56-60093)
and at such additional times as may be recommended by the manufacturer.
(4) When a load indicating device or alternative system is so
arranged in the supporting system (crane structure) that its failure
could cause the load to be dropped, its strength shall not be
the limiting factor of the supporting system (crane structure).
(5) Marking shall be conspicuously placed giving: Units of measure
in pounds or both pounds and kilograms, capacity of the indicating
system, accuracy of the indicating system, and operating instructions
and precautions. In the case of systems utilizing indications
other than actual weights, the marking shall include data on:
The means of measurement, capacity of the system, accuracy of
the system, operating instructions and precautions. If the system
used provides no read-out, but it is such as to automatically
cease crane operation when the rated load limit under any specific
condition of use is reached, marking shall be provided giving
the make and model of the device installed, a description of what
it does, how it is operated, and any necessary precautions regarding
the system. All weight indications, other types of loading indications,
and other data required shall be readily visible to the operator.
(6) All load-indicating devices shall be operative over the full
operating radius. Overall accuracy shall be based on actual applied
load and not on full-scale (full capacity) load.
Explanatory Note: For example, if accuracy
of the load indicating device is based on full scale load and
the device is arbitrarily set at plus or minus ten percent, it
would accept a reading between ninety thousand and one hundred
ten thousand pounds, at full capacity of a machine with one hundred
thousand pounds, maximum rating, but would also allow a reading
between zero and twenty thousand pounds, at that outreach (radius)
at which the rating would be ten thousand pounds capacity--an
unacceptable figure. If, however, accuracy is based on actual
applied load under the same conditions, the acceptable range would
remain the same with the one hundred thousand pound load but becomes
a figure between nine thousand and eleven thousand pounds, a much
different and acceptable condition, at the ten thousand pound
load.
(7) When the device uses the radius as a factor in its use or
in its operating indications, the indicated radius (which may
be in feet and/or meters, or degrees of boom angle, depending
on the system used) shall be a figure which is within the range
of a figure no greater than one hundred ten percent of the actual
radius to a figure which is no less than ninety-seven percent
of the actual (true) radius. A conversion chart shall be provided
whenever it is necessary to convert between degrees of radius
and feet or meters.
(8) The load indicating device requirements of this section do
not apply to a crane:
(a) Of trolley equipped bridge type while handling container
known to be and identified as empty, or loaded, and in either
case in compliance with the provisions of WAC 296-56-60103,
or while hoisting other lifts by means of a lifting beam supplied
by the crane manufacturer for the purpose, and in all cases
within the crane rating;
(b) While handling bulk commodities or cargoes by means of
clamshell bucket or magnet;
(c) While used to handle or hold hoses in connection with transfer
of bulk liquids or other hose handled products; or
(d) While the crane is used exclusively to handle cargo or
equipment the total actual gross weight of which is known by
means of marking of the unit or units hoisted, when such total
actual gross weight never exceeds eleven thousand two hundred
pounds, and when eleven thousand two hundred pounds, is less
than the rated capacity of the crane at the maximum outreach
that is possible under the conditions of use at the time.
(9) Limit switches shall be installed on the main line and whip
line assemblies, of all cranes and derricks, which will deactivate
the hoisting power when a load reaches the upper limits of travel
and at such other places as required by this chapter. Line limit
switches shall be tested prior to or at the beginning of each
shift to determine if they are functioning properly. Any malfunction
shall be reported to the person in charge immediately and shall
be repaired prior to use.
(a) Danger zones at or adjacent to conveyors shall be guarded
to protect employees.
(b) An elevated walkway with guardrail or equivalent means
of protection shall be provided where employees cross over moving
conveyors. Suitable guarding shall be provided when employees
pass under moving conveyors.
(2) Moving parts. Conveyor rollers and wheels shall be secured
in position.
(3) Positioning. Gravity conveyor sections shall be firmly placed
and secured to prevent them from falling.
(4) Braking.
(a) When necessary for safe operation, provisions shall be
made for braking objects at the delivery end of the conveyor.
(b) Conveyors using electrically released brakes shall be constructed
so that the brakes cannot be released until power is applied,
and the brakes are automatically engaged if the power fails
or the operating control is returned to the “stop”
position.
(5) Stability. Portable conveyors shall be stable within their
operating ranges. When used at variable fixed levels, the unit
shall be secured at the operating level.
(6) Emergency stop devices. Readily accessible stop controls
shall be provided for use in an emergency whenever employees are
required to walk or work in the vicinity of the conveyor. The
emergency stop device shall be available within easy reach from
any position on or adjacent to the conveyor.
(7) Starting powered conveyors. Powered conveyors shall not be
started until all employees are clear of the conveyor or have
been warned that the conveyor is about to start.
(8) Loading and unloading. The area around conveyor loading and
unloading points shall be kept clear of obstructions during conveyor
operations.
(9) Lockout/tagout.
(a) Conveyors shall be stopped and their power sources locked
out and tagged out during maintenance, repair, and servicing,
unless power is necessary for testing.
(b) The starting device shall be locked out and tagged out
in the stop position before an attempt is made to remove the
cause of a jam or overload of the conveying medium, unless it
is necessary to have the power on to remove the jam.
(10) Chutes, gravity conveyors and rollers.
(a) Chutes used in the manual handling of cargo shall be adequate
for the use to which they are put and shall be kept free of
splinters and sharp edges.
(b) Chutes shall be equipped with sideboards of sufficient
height to prevent cargo from falling off.
(c) Chutes and gravity roller sections shall be firmly placed
or secured to prevent displacement.
(d) Gravity rollers shall be of sufficient strength for the
weight of material, which is placed upon them. Rollers shall
be locked in position to prevent them from falling or jumping
out of the frame.
(e) Frames shall be kept free of burrs and sharp edges.
(f) When necessary, provision shall be made for braking objects
at the delivery end of the roller or chute.
(11) Safe practices.
(a) Only designated persons shall operate, repair or service
powered conveyors.
(b) The employer shall direct employees to stay off operating
conveyors.
(c) Conveyors shall be operated only with all overload devices,
guards and safety devices in place and functional.
WAC
296-56-60091 Spouts, chutes, hoppers, bins, and associated
equipment.
(1) Standing and running rigging and associated gear used as
a permanent part of spouts, chutes or similar devices shall be
inspected before each use and shall not be used if it has any
functional defects. (See WAC 296-56-60093 for certification requirements.)
(2) Direct communication shall be provided between the discharge
or shipboard control end of loading spouts or chutes, and the
point in the terminal from which the flow of cargo is controlled.
(3) Chute and hopper openings which present a hazard shall be
guarded to prevent employees from falling through.
(4) When employees are working on hoppers, the hopper shall be
equipped with a safe walkway and safe means of access.
(5) When necessary for the safety of employees, chutes shall
be equipped with sideboards to afford protection from falling
objects.
(6) Chutes shall be firmly placed and secured to prevent them
from falling.
(7) When necessary for the safety of employees, provisions shall
be made for braking objects other than bulk commodities at the
delivery end of the chute.
(8) Before an employee enters an empty bin:
(a) Personnel controlling the flow of cargo into the bin shall
be notified of the entry; and
(b) The power supply to the equipment carrying the cargo to
the bin shall be turned off, locked out and tagged.
(9) Before an employee enters a bin containing a bulk commodity
such as coal or sugar, the employer shall ensure that:
(a) Personnel controlling the flow of cargo into the bin shall
be notified of the entry;
(b) The power supply to the equipment carrying the cargo to
the bin shall be turned off, locked out and tagged;
(c) The employee entering the bin shall wear a life-line and
safety harness; and
(d) A standby attendant equipped to perform a rescue shall
be continuously stationed outside the bin until the employee
has left the bin.
(10) Bin top openings that present a hazard to employees shall
be covered to prevent employees from falling into bins.
(11) Chutes and hoppers shall be repaired only by designated
persons.
(12) (a) Before power shoveling operations begin, a designated
person shall inspect the equipment to be used. The inspection
shall include at least the eye bolts, wires, and sheaves.
(b) Power shovels and associated equipment with defects affecting
safe operation shall not be used.
(c) Before adjustments are made to a power shovel, wire, or
associated equipment, the power supply to the shovel shall be
turned off, locked out, and tagged, the belt stopped, and the
hopper closed.
WAC
296-56-60093 Certification of marine terminal material handling
devices.
(1) The employer shall not use any material handling device listed
in WAC 296-56-60098(8) until he/she has ascertained that the device
has been certified, as evidenced by current and valid documents
attesting to compliance with the requirements of WAC 296-56-60097
and 296-56-60098.
(2) Certification surveys are to be completed for the conditions
of use found at the time such surveys are performed. Equipment
owners or users may change the configurations of the equipment
according to the manufacturer's specifications without affecting
the established certification status for the equipment.
(3) These rules apply to employment within a marine terminal
including the loading, unloading, movement, or other handling
of cargo, ship's stores, or gear within the terminal or into or
out of any land carrier, holding or consolidation area, or any
other activity within and associated with the overall operation
and functions of the terminal, such as the use and routine maintenance
of facilities and equipment.
(4) Inspection and test certificates shall be issued only for
that equipment which meets or exceeds the requirements specified
in these rules. All inspection and test certificates shall be
issued through the office of the assistant director of the division
of consultation and compliance, department of labor and industries,
and shall be valid for a period not to exceed one year from the
date of issuance.
(5) Equipment requiring certification shall be inspected by individuals
who have received a “certificate of competency” from
the assistant director, division of WISHA services indicating
that they are qualified and capable of performing such work.
(6) When deficiencies are found they shall be noted on forms
provided for such purpose by the division of consultation and
compliance. Copies shall be delivered to the owner of the equipment
and the division of consultation and compliance at the headquarters
office by the person conducting such tests or inspections.
(7) A certificate of unit test or examination of equipment shall
not be issued for any equipment found not to be in compliance
with the provisions of this chapter.
(8) Persons desiring a “certificate of competency”
shall demonstrate and document their capabilities and qualifications
to the assistant director of the division of consultation and
compliance, who will issue certificates to those persons who have
demonstrated competency. The assistant director reserves the right
to revoke such certificates at any time for cause. A “certificate
of competency” shall be issued for a period of not more
than three years. Applications for renewal may be made not more
than sixty days prior to the expiration date shown on the certificate.
(9) The assistant director of the division of consultation and
compliance or his/her representative, reserves the right to inspect
such equipment or to witness or attend any test or inspection
in order to ascertain the adequacy of any certification activity
performed.
(10) Unless otherwise exempted, all cranes or derricks required
to be certificated by these regulations shall have a current test
certificate posted in the operator's cab or station. No person
shall operate such crane or derrick unless a current valid certificate
is posted.
(1) Any person desiring a certificate of competency for crane
inspection or certification shall make application to the assistant
director of the division of consultation and compliance for the
certificate of competency. The application shall include documentation
of all qualifications, including all past experience, education,
training and any other factors deemed to be relevant to the application.
(2) The advisory crane certification panel shall assist the assistant
director of the division of consultation and compliance in his/her
duties under this chapter. The panel shall consist of six members.
Two members shall represent labor, two members shall represent
management, and one member shall be a crane expert. The sixth
member shall be chair of the panel. He/she shall be the assistant
director of consultation and compliance or his/her designee. The
panel shall be responsible for advising the assistant director
as to the issuance of any certificate of competency. The panel
shall review all applications for certificates of competency.
Minutes of meetings shall be kept.
(3) In addition, the panel shall, upon request by the assistant
director, render advice concerning any matter which is relevant
to crane safety. The panel shall meet twice yearly or more often
as deemed necessary by the chairman of the panel. Any panel member
who is not an employee of the state of Washington shall serve
voluntarily.
Cranes and derricks shall be proof load tested, rated and
certified in tons (2,000 lbs. = 1 ton). Cranes and derricks shall
be inspected and unit proof load tested prior to being put into
use, after any significant modification or repairs of structural
parts, or when deemed necessary by the assistant director of consultation
and compliance or his/her designee. However, each crane or derrick
shall be unit proof load tested at least once during each twelve-month
period. Unit proof load tests shall be carried out by the use
of weights as a dead load. When use of weights for unit proof
load tests is not possible or reasonable a dynamometer or other
recording test equipment may be used. Such equipment shall be
tested for accuracy with certified calibrating equipment within
twelve months prior to being used and a copy of the certified
calibration test shall be made available to authorized representatives
of the division of consultation and compliance upon request.
The weight of the objects used for a dead load weight test shall
be certified and a record of the weight shall be made available
upon request. Any replacements or repairs deemed necessary by
the person conducting a test shall be carried out before application
of the required proof load unit test.
(1) The proof load tests for derricks shall be conducted as follows:
Safe
Working Load
Proof
Load
to 20
tons
25%
in excess
20-50
tons
5 tons
in excess
Over
50 tons
10%
in excess of manufacturer's recommended lifting capacity.
Proof load shall be applied at the designed maximum and minimum
boom angles or radii, or if this is impractical, as close to these
as practical. The angles or radii of test shall be stated in the
certificate of test. Proof loads shall be swung as far as possible
in all directions. The weight of auxiliary handling devices such
as spreader bars, robots, clams, magnets, or other gear shall
be considered a part of the load. Brakes shall be tested by holding
the proof load suspended without other mechanical assistance.
After satisfactory completion of a unit proof load test the derrick
and all component parts thereof shall be carefully examined and
nondestructive tests may be conducted to assure that the equipment
is safe for use and has not been damaged in the unit proof load
testing process.
(2) Unit proof load tests for cranes shall be carried out with
the boom in the least stable direction relative to the mounting,
based on the manufacturer's specifications.
Unit proof load tests for cranes shall be based on the manufacturer's
load ratings for the conditions of use and shall, except in the
case of bridge type cranes utilizing a trolley, consist of application
of a proof load of ten percent in excess of the load ratings at
maximum and minimum radius, and at such intermediate radii as
the certifying authority may deem necessary in the circumstances.
(The manufacturer's load ratings are usually based upon percentage
of tipping loads under some conditions and upon limitations of
structural competence at others, as well as on other criteria
such as type of crane mounting, whether or not outriggers are
used, etc. Some cranes utilizing a trolley may have only one load
rating assigned and applicable at any outreach. It is important
that the manufacturer's ratings be used.) Trolley equipped cranes
shall be subject to a proof load of twenty-five percent in excess
of the manufacturer's load rating. In cases of foreign manufacture,
the manufacturer's specifications shall be subject to approval
by the certifying authority. The weight of all auxiliary handling
devices such as magnets, hooks, slings, and clamshell buckets
shall be considered part of the load.
(3) If the operation in which equipment is engaged never utilizes
more than a fraction of the safe working load rating, the owner
of the equipment may, at his/her option, have the crane or derrick
certified for and operated at a lesser maximum safe working load
in keeping with the use and based on radius and other pertinent
factors, however, the equipment concerned shall be physically
capable of operation at the original load rating and the load
reduction shall not be for the purpose of avoiding correction
of any deficiency.
(4) Safe working load ratings shall not be increased beyond the
manufacturer's ratings or original design limitations without
prior approval by the accredited certification agency. Such prior
approval shall be based on the manufacturer's approval of such
increase or documented engineering design analysis or both. All
necessary structural changes shall be completed prior to approval
by the accredited certification agency.
WAC
296-56-60098 Examination and inspection of cranes and derricks.
(1) An examination shall be carried out in conjunction with each
annual unit proof load test. The accredited person, or their authorized
representative, shall make a determination as to correction of
deficiencies found. The examination shall include the following:
(Refer to WAC 296-56-60093(8) for definition of accredited person.)
(a) All functional operating mechanisms shall be examined for
improper function, maladjustment, and excessive component wear,
with particular attention to sheaves, pins, and drums. The examinations
shall include operation with partial load, in which all functions
and movements, including maximum possible rotation in both directions,
are checked.
(b) All safety devices shall be examined for malfunction.
(c) Lines, tanks, valves, drains, pumps, and other parts of
air or hydraulic systems shall be examined for deterioration
or leakage.
(d) Rope reeving shall comply with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(e) Deformed, cracked, or excessively corroded members in crane
structure and boom shall be repaired or replaced as necessary.
(f) Loose bolts, rivets, or other connections shall be corrected.
(g) Worn, cracked, or distorted parts affecting safe operation
shall be corrected.
(h) All brakes, used to control the load, boom or travel of
the crane, shall be tested. Air, hydraulic, or electrically
operated brakes shall be of such design as to set and stop the
load if the source of power fails.
(i) Brake and clutch system parts, linings, pawls, and ratchets
shall be examined for excessive wear and free operation.
(j) Load, boom angle, or other indicators shall be checked
over their full range. Defects in such indicators shall be immediately
corrected.
(k) Where used, clamshell buckets or other similar equipment,
such as magnets, shall be carefully examined in all respects,
with particular attention to closing line wires and sheaves.
The accredited person may supplement such examination by requesting
any operational tests deemed appropriate.
(l) Careful examination of the junction areas of removable
boom sections, particularly for proper seating, cracks, deformities,
or other defects in securing bolts and in the vicinity of such
bolts, shall be made.
(m) All platforms, steps and foot walks located on cranes where
workers are exposed to the hazard of slipping shall be of a
nonslip material. Wire rope used for railings on cranes shall
be kept taut at all times.
Note: In critical areas such as foot walks
along booms, a grating material should be used.
(n) No counterweights in excess weight of the manufacturer's
specifications shall be fitted or used.
(o) Such other examination or supplemental functional tests
shall be made as may be deemed necessary by the accredited person
under the circumstances.
(2) Wire rope.
(a) All wire rope shall be inspected at least once a month,
dependent upon conditions to which the wire ropes are subjected,
and at intervals not exceeding a twelve-month period. Records
of inspection of wire rope shall be kept and shall be available
to the department of labor and industries representative. Records
shall be kept for one year. Refer to the general safety and
health standards, WAC 296-24-24013.
(b) Wire rope shall not be used if in any length of eight diameters,
the total number of visible broken wires exceeds ten percent
of the total number of wires, or if the rope shows other signs
of excessive wear, corrosion, or defect. Particular attention
shall be given to the condition of those sections of wire rope
adjacent to any terminal connections, those sections exposed
to abnormal wear, and those sections not normally exposed for
examination.
(c) Documentation available for inspection shall include wire
rope test certificates relating to any replacements made since
the last unit test or annual examination as required.
(d) Wire rope and replacement wire rope shall be of the same
size, same or better grade, and same construction as originally
furnished by the equipment manufacturer or contemplated in the
design, unless otherwise recommended by the equipment or wire
rope manufacturer due to actual working conditions. In the absence
of specific requirements, wire rope shall be of a size and construction
suitable for the purpose, and shall have the capacity to handle
five times the heaviest expected load, verified by wire rope
test certificate.
(e) Wire rope in use on equipment previously constructed and
prior to initial certification of said equipment shall not be
required to be tested but shall be subject to thorough examination
at the time of initial certification of the equipment.
(3) (a) Accessory components. Container spreader bar twist
locks shall be carefully examined periodically and at the time
of annual examination and inspection. Cracked or deformed hooks
shall be discarded immediately and not re-used.
(b) Crane hooks and container spreader bar twist lock. Magnetic
particle or other suitable crack detecting inspection shall
be performed at least once each year. When testing by x-ray,
the pertinent provisions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's
standards for protection against radiation, relating to protection
against occupational radiation exposure, shall apply.
(4) In the event that heat treatment of any loose gear is recommended
by the manufacturer, the latest heat treatment certificate attesting
to compliance with the manufacturer's specifications shall be
part of the available documentation. Heat treatment shall be carried
out in accordance with the specifications of the manufacturer
by persons competent to perform such work.
(5) Replacement parts shall be of equal or better quality than
the original equipment and suitable for the purpose. Repairs or
modifications shall be such as to render the equipment equal to
or better than the original construction or design.
(6) In cases of foreign manufactured cranes, there shall be an
owner's warranty that the design is adequate for the intended
use. The warranty shall be based on a thorough examination of
the design specifications by a registered professional engineer
familiar with the equipment.
(7) The certifications required by this section shall be performed
in accordance with WAC 296-56-60093 by persons accredited by the
assistant director of WISHA services.
(8) The marine terminal material handling devices listed below
shall be certified in the following manner:
(a) Each crane and derrick shall be tested and examined as
a unit annually. A copy of the certificate of tests and examinations
shall be posted in the crane operator's cab.
(b) Bulk cargo spouts and suckers, together with any portable
extensions and rigging or outriggers supporting them vertically,
shall be examined annually. Certificates attesting to the required
examination shall be made readily available for inspection.
(c) Vertical pocket or bucket conveyors such as banana, sugar,
and grain marine legs (other than those within a grain elevator
structure) used within a marine terminal facility shall be examined
annually. The annual examination shall include all supporting
structures, rigging, mechanical components and observation of
all steps of operations. Certificates attesting to the required
examinations shall be readily available for inspection.
(d) (i) House fall cargo-handling gear shall be proof load
tested as a unit upon initial certification and every fourth
year thereafter. An examination shall be carried out in conjunction
with each unit proof load test and annually thereafter. The
unit test shall consist of a proof load of twenty-five percent
in excess of the rated safe working load. Examinations shall
include all supporting structures and components. Certificates
attesting to the required tests and examinations shall be
readily available for inspection.
(ii) House fall span beams or other house fall block supports
shall be marked with the safe working load, which shall not
be exceeded.
(e) Special gear.
(i) Special stevedoring gear provided by the employer, the
strength of which depends upon components other than commonly
used stock items such as shackles, ropes or chains, shall
be tested as a unit in accordance with the following table
before initially being put into use (see Table A). In addition,
any special stevedoring gear that suffers damage necessitating
structural repair shall be inspected and retested after repair
and before being returned to service.
Table A
Safe
Working Load
Proof
Load
Up to
20 short tons
25 percent
in excess
Over
20 to 50 short tons
5 short
tons in excess
Over
50 short tons
10 percent
in excess
(ii) Special stevedoring gear provided by the employer that
has a SWL of five short tons (10,000 or 4.54 metric tons)
or less shall be inspected and tested as a unit before initial
use according to (d) and (e) of this subsection or by a designated
person (see Table A).
(iii) Every spreader not a part of ship's gear and used for
hoisting intermodal containers shall be tested to a proof
load equal to twenty-five percent in excess of its rated capacity.
Additionally, any spreader which suffers damage necessitating
structural repair shall be retested after repair and before
being returned to service.
(iv) Certificates attesting to the required tests shall be
available for inspection.
(v) All cargo handling gear covered by this section with
a SWL greater than five short tons (10,000 lbs. or 4.54 metric
tons) shall be proof load tested according to Table A every
four years in accordance with subsection (7) of this section
or by a designated person.
(f) Wire rope and loose gear used for material handling shall
be tested and certified before being placed into use in accordance
with the provisions of WAC 296-56-60097. Certificates attesting
to the required tests, inspections and examinations shall be
available.
(9) Disassembly and reassembly of equipment does not require
recertification of the equipment provided that the equipment is
reassembled and used in a manner consistent with its certification.
(10) Equipment certified in Washington and transferred to a site
in another state does not require recertification in this state
upon its return, until the next inspection or examination becomes
due as if it had not been moved.
(11) Certification procedures shall not be construed as a substitute
for, or cause for elimination of, normal operational inspection
and maintenance routine throughout the year.
(12) (a) Every unit of equipment requiring annual certification
shall have had such annual certification within the previous
twelve months. Equipment requiring annual certification shall
have had such annual certification within the previous twelve
months, except that no annual certification is required within
twelve months after any required certification. Annual examinations
for certification may be accomplished up to one month early
without effect on subsequent due dates.
(b) When certified equipment is out of service for six months
or more beyond the due date of a certification inspection, an
examination equivalent to an initial certification, including
unit proof load test, shall be performed before the equipment
re-enters service.
(13) Loose gear shall bear a legible mark indicating that it
has been tested (see WAC 296-56-60097). Single sheave blocks shall
be marked with safe working loads and proof test loads. Marks
relating to testing shall be identifiable on the related certificates,
which shall be available.
(14) The certification requirements of this section do not apply
to the following equipment:
(a) Industrial trucks and small industrial crane trucks; and
(b) Any straddle truck not capable of straddling two or more
intermodal containers sixteen feet. (4.88 m) in width.
(15) Safe working load.
(a) The safe working load of gear as specified in this section
shall not be exceeded.
(b) All cargo handling gear provided by the employer with a
safe working load greater than five short tons (10,000 lbs.
or 4.54 metric tons) shall have its safe working load plainly
marked on it.
(1) Hand tools used by employees shall be maintained in safe
operating condition.
(2) (a) Hand-held portable electric tools shall be equipped
with switches that must be manually held in a closed position
to operate the tool.
(b) Portable power-driven circular saws shall be equipped with
guards above and below the base plate or shoe. The upper guard
shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the
minimum arc needed to permit the base to be tilted for bevel
cuts. The lower guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the
teeth, except for the minimum arc needed to allow proper retraction
and contact with the work. When the tool is withdrawn from the
work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return
to the covering position.
(3) Only cutting tools shall be used to cut metal strapping or
banding used to secure cargo.
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