(1) (a) This part applies to employers involved
in the construction, alteration and repair of single or multistory
buildings, bridges, and a variety of other structures. This part
applies to employers involved in steel erection unless specifically
excluded.
(b) Examples of steel erection structures include, but are
not limited to:
Aerialways;
Aerospace facilities
and structures;
Air and cable supported
structures;
Amphitheaters;
Amusement park structures
and rides;
Aqueducts;
Artistic and monumental
structures;
Atriums;
Auditoriums;
Balconies;
Billboards;
Bins;
Bridges;
Canopies;
Car dumpers;
Catwalks;
Chemical process
structures;
Conveyor supports
and related framing;
Conveyor systems;
Cranes and craneways;
Curtain walls;
Draft curtains;
Elevator fronts;
Energy exploration
structures;
Energy production,
transfer and storage structures and facilities;
Entrances;
Fire containment
structures;
Fire escapes;
Furnaces;
Geodesic domes;
Hi-bay structures;
Hoppers;
Industrial structures;
Lift slab/tilt-up
structures;
Light towers;
Malls;
Metal roofs;
Mills;
Monorails;
Ovens;
Overpasses;
Penthouses;
Platforms;
Power plants;
Racks and rack support
structures and frames;
Radar and communication
structures;
Rail, marine and
other transportation structures;
Scoreboards;
Signage;
Single and multistory
buildings;
Skylights;
Sound barriers;
Space frames;
Stackers/reclaimers;
Stacks;
Stadiums;
Stair towers;
Stairways;
Store fronts;
Systems-engineered
metal buildings;
Trestles;
Underpasses;
Viaducts;
Water process and
water containment structures; and
Window walls.
(2) (a) Covered steel erection work includes
the:
Hoisting, laying out, placing, connecting, welding, burning,
guying, bracing, bolting, plumbing and rigging of structural
steel, steel joists, and metal buildings; and
Installing metal decking, curtain walls, window walls,
siding systems, miscellaneous metals, ornamental iron and
similar materials.
(b) The following work is also covered by this part when done
during, and are a part of, steel erection work:
Anchoring devices;
Building equipment;
Building specialties;
Cable stays;
Castings;
Cold formed steel framing;
Column covers;
Conveying systems;
Crane rails and accessories;
Detention or security
equipment and doors, windows and hardware;
Doors; windows;
Elevator beams;
Enclosures and pockets;
Falsework for temporary
supports of permanent steel members;
Fascias;
Fences and gates;
Ferrous metals and
alloys;
Floor plates;
Gaskets;
Glass;
Gratings;
Grillage;
Handrails;
Hardware;
Hydraulic structures;
Joint fillers;
Ladders;
Louvers;
Metal decking and raceway
systems and accessories;
Metal panels and panel
wall systems;
Metal roofing and accessories;
Metal siding; bridge
flooring;
Miscellaneous, architectural
and ornamental metals and metal work;
Multipurpose supports;
Nonferrous metals and
alloys;
Ornamental iron work,
expansion control including bridge expansion joint assemblies;
Penthouse enclosures;
Perforated metals;
Permanent and temporary
bents and towers;
Plastics and synthetic
composite materials;
Railings;
Rigging, hoisting,
laying out, placing, connecting, guying, bracing, dismantling,
burning, welding, bolting, grinding, sealing, caulking,
and all related activities for construction, alteration
and/or repair of materials and assemblies such as structural
steel;
Safety systems for
steel erection;
Sealants and seals;
Sheet metal fabrications;
Shelf racks;
Skylights;
Slide bearings;
Soffit panels;
Stairs;
Steel and metal joists;
Stone and other nonprecast
concrete architectural materials mounted on steel frames;
Structural cabling;
Structural metal framing
and related bracing and assemblies; and
Anchored bridging means that the steel joist bridging
is connected to a bridging terminus point.
Bolted diagonal bridging means diagonal bridging that
is bolted to a steel joist or joists.
Bridging clip means a device that is attached to the steel
joist to allow the bolting of the bridging to the steel joist.
Bridging terminus point means a wall, a beam, tandem joists
(with all bridging installed and a horizontal truss in the plane
of the top chord) or other element at an end or intermediate point(s)
of a line of bridging that provides an anchor point for the steel
joist bridging.
Choker means a wire rope or synthetic fiber rigging assembly
that is used to attach a load to a hoisting device.
Cold forming means the process of using press brakes,
rolls, or other methods to shape steel into desired cross sections
at room temperature.
Column means a load-carrying vertical member that is part
of the primary skeletal framing system. Columns do not include
posts.
Competent person (also defined in WAC
296-155-012) means one who can identify existing or predictable
hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary,
hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization
or authority by nature of their position to take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate them. The person must be knowledgeable of
the requirements of this part.
Connector means someone who, working with hoisting equipment,
is placing and connecting structural members and/or components.
Constructibility means the ability to erect structural
steel members in accordance with this part without having to alter
the overall structural design.
Construction load (for joist erection) means any load
other than the weight of the employee(s), the joists and the bridging
bundle.
Controlled load-lowering means lowering a load by means
of a mechanical hoist drum device that allows a load to be lowered
with maximum control using the gear train or hydraulic components
of the hoist mechanism. Controlled load lowering requires the
use of the hoist drive motor, rather than the load hoist brake,
to lower the load.
Controlling contractor means a prime contractor, general
contractor, construction manager or any other legal entity that
has the overall responsibility for the construction of the project--its
planning, quality and completion.
Critical lift means a lift that:
Exceeds seventy-five percent of the crane or derrick rated
load chart capacity; or
Requires the use of more than one crane or derrick.
Derrick floor means an elevated floor of a building or
structure that has been designated to receive hoisted pieces of
steel prior to final placement.
Double connection means an attachment method where the
connection point is intended for two pieces of steel that share
common bolts on either side of a central piece.
Double connection seat means a structural attachment that,
during the installation of a double connection, supports the first
member while the second member is connected.
Employee (and other terms of like meaning, unless the
context of the provision containing such a term indicates otherwise)
means an employee of an employer who is employed in the business
of his or her employer whether by way of manual labor or otherwise
and every person in this state who is engaged in the employment
of or who is working under an independent contract the essence
of which is personal labor for an employer under this standard
whether by way of manual labor or otherwise.
Employer means any person, firm, corporation, partnership,
business trust, legal representative, or other business entity
which engages in any business, industry, profession, or activity
in this state and employs one or more employees or who contracts
with one or more persons, the essence of which is the personal
labor of such person or persons and includes the state, counties,
cities, and all municipal corporations, public corporations, political
subdivisions of the state, and charitable organizations: Provided,
That any persons, partnership, or business entity not having employees,
and who is covered by the Industrial Insurance Act must be considered
both an employer and an employee.
Erection bridging means the bolted diagonal bridging that
is required to be installed prior to releasing the hoisting cables
from the steel joists.
Final interior perimeter means the perimeter of a large
permanent open space within a building such as an atrium or courtyard.
This does not include openings for stairways, elevator shafts,
etc.
Floor hole (decking hole) means an opening measuring less
than twelve inches but more than one inch in its least dimension
in any floor, roof, or platform through which materials but not
persons may fall, such as a belt hole, pipe opening, or slot opening.
Girt (in systems-engineered metal buildings) means a “Z”
or “C” shaped member formed from sheet steel spanning
between primary framing and supporting wall material.
Headache ball means a weighted hook that is used to attach
loads to the hoist load line of the crane.
Hoisting equipment means lifting equipment designed to
lift and position a load of known weight to a location at some
known elevation and horizontal distance from the equipment's center
of rotation. Hoisting equipment includes, but not limited to:
Cranes;
Derricks;
Tower cranes;
Barge-mounted derricks or cranes;
Gin poles; and
Gantry hoist systems.
Note: A come-a-long (a mechanical device,
usually consisting of a chain or cable attached at each end, that
is used to facilitate movement of materials through leverage)
is not considered hoisting equipment.
Metal decking means a commercially manufactured, structural
grade, cold rolled metal panel formed into a series of parallel
ribs and includes metal floor and roof decks, standing seam metal
roofs, other metal roof systems and other products such as bar
gratings, checker plate, expanded metal panels, and similar products.
After installation and proper fastening, these decking materials
serve a combination of functions including: A structural element
designed in combination with the structure to resist, distribute
and transfer loads, stiffen the structure and provide a diaphragm
action; a walking/working surface; a form for concrete slabs;
a support for roofing systems; and a finished floor or roof.
Multiple lift rigging means a rigging assembly manufactured
by wire rope rigging suppliers that facilitates the attachment
of up to five independent loads to the hoist rigging of a crane.
Must means mandatory.
Permanent floor means a structurally completed floor at
any level or elevation (including slab on grade).
Post means a structural member with a longitudinal axis
that is essentially vertical, that:
Weighs three hundred pounds or less and is axially loaded
(a load presses down on the top end); or
Is not axially loaded, but is laterally restrained by the
above member. Posts typically support stair landings, wall
framing, mezzanines and other substructures.
Project structural engineer of record means the registered,
licensed professional responsible for the design of structural
steel framing and whose seal appears on the structural contract
documents.
Purlin (in systems-engineered metal buildings) means a
“Z,” “C,” or “W” shaped member
formed from sheet steel spanning between primary framing and supporting
roof material.
Qualified person means one who, by possession of a recognized
degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive
knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated
the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject
matter, the work, or the project.
Safety deck attachment means an initial attachment that
is used to secure an initially placed sheet of decking to keep
proper alignment and bearing with structural support members.
Shear connector means headed steel studs, steel bars,
steel lugs, and similar devices which are attached to a structural
member for the purpose of achieving composite action with concrete.
Steel erection means the construction, alteration or repair
of steel buildings, bridges and other structures, including the
installation of metal decking and all planking used during the
process of erection.
Steel joist means an open web, secondary load-carrying
member of one hundred forty-four feet (43.9 m) or less, designed
by the manufacturer, used for the support of floors and roofs.
This does not include structural steel trusses or cold-formed
joists.
Steel joist girder means an open web, primary load-carrying
member, designed by the manufacturer, used for the support of
floors and roofs. This does not include structural steel trusses.
Steel truss means an open web member designed of structural
steel components by the project structural engineer of record.
For the purposes of this subpart, a steel truss is considered
equivalent to a solid web structural member.
Structural steel means a steel member, or a member made
of a substitute material (such as, but not limited to, fiberglass,
aluminum or composite members). These members include, but are
not limited to, steel joists, joist girders, purlins, columns,
beams, trusses, splices, seats, metal decking, girts, and all
bridging, and cold formed metal framing which is integrated with
the structural steel framing of a building.
Systems-engineered metal building means a metal, field-assembled
building system consisting of framing, roof and wall coverings.
Typically, many of these components are cold-formed shapes. These
individual parts are fabricated in one or more manufacturing facilities
and shipped to the job site for assembly into the final structure.
The engineering design of the system is normally the responsibility
of the systems-engineered metal building manufacturer.
Tank means a container for holding gases, liquids or solids.
WAC
296-155-703 Site layout, site-specific erection plan and construction
sequence.
(1) Before steel erection work can start the controlling contractor
must ensure the steel erector is provided written notifications
that:
(a) The concrete in the footings, piers and walls and the mortar
in the masonry piers and walls has attained either:
Seventy-five percent of the intended minimum compressive
design strength; or
Sufficient strength to support the loads imposed during
steel erection.
The basis of these measurements is the appropriate ASTM standard
test method of field cured samples.
(b) Any repairs, replacements
and modifications to the anchor bolts were done per WAC
296-155-707(2).
(2) The steel erector must receive written notice that the concrete
in the footings, piers and walls or the mortar in the masonry
piers and walls has attained, on the basis of an appropriate ASTM
standard test method of field-cured samples, either seventy-five
percent of the intended minimum compressive design strength or
sufficient strength to support the loads imposed during steel
erection.
(3) Site layout. The controlling contractor must ensure that
the following is provided and maintained:
(a) Adequate access roads into and through the site for the
safe delivery and movement of derricks, cranes, trucks, other
necessary equipment, and the material to be erected and means
and methods for pedestrian and vehicular control.
Exception: This requirement does not apply
to roads outside the construction site.
(b) A firm, properly graded, drained area, readily accessible
to the work with adequate space for the safe storage of materials
and the safe operation of the erector's equipment.
(4) Preplanning of overhead hoisting operations. All hoisting
operations in steel erection must be preplanned to ensure that
the requirements of WAC
296-155-704(4) are met.
(5) Site-specific erection plan. Where employers elect, due to
conditions specific to the site, to develop alternate means and
methods that provide employee protection in accordance with WAC
296-155-704 (3)(e), 296-155-709
(1)(d) or (5)(d), a site-specific erection plan must be developed
by a qualified person and be available at the worksite. Guidelines
for establishing a site-specific erection plan are contained in
Appendix A to this part.
(6) Steel erection must be done under the supervision of a competent
person who is present at the worksite.
(2) In addition, subsections (3) through (5) of this section
apply regarding the hazards associated with hoisting and rigging.
(3) General.
(a) Crane preshift visual inspection.
(i) Cranes being used in steel erection activities must be
visually inspected prior to each shift by a competent person.
The inspection must include observation for deficiencies during
operation and, as a minimum, must include:
All control mechanisms for maladjustments;
Control and drive mechanism for excessive wear of components
and contamination by lubricants, water or other foreign
matter;
Safety devices, including boom angle indicators, boom
stops, boom kick out devices, anti-two block devices,
and load moment indicators where required;
Air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines for deterioration
or leakage, particularly those which flex in normal operation;
Hooks and latches for deformation, chemical damage, cracks,
or wear;
Wire rope reeving for compliance with hoisting equipment
manufacturer's specifications;
Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of excessive
deterioration, dirt, or moisture accumulation;
Hydraulic system for proper fluid level;
Tires for proper inflation and condition;
Ground conditions around the hoisting equipment for proper
support, including ground settling under and around outriggers,
ground water accumulation, or similar conditions;
The hoisting equipment for level position; and
The hoisting equipment for level position after each
move and setup.
(ii) If any deficiency is identified, an immediate determination
must be made by the competent person if the deficiency constitutes
a hazard.
(iii) If the deficiency constitutes a hazard, the hoisting
equipment must be removed from service until the deficiency
has been corrected.
(iv) The operator is responsible for those operations under
their direct control. Whenever there is any doubt as to safety,
the operator must have the authority to stop and refuse to
handle loads until safety has been assured.
(b) A qualified rigger (a rigger who is also a qualified person)
must inspect the rigging prior to each shift in accordance with
WAC
296-155-330.
(c) The headache ball, hook or load must not be used to transport
personnel, except as provided in (d) of this subsection.
(d) Cranes or derricks may be used to hoist employees on a
personnel platform when work under this part is being conducted
if all the provisions of WAC
296-155-525 through 296-155-528
are met.
(e) Safety latches on hooks must not be deactivated or made
inoperable except:
(i) When a qualified rigger has determined that the hoisting
and placing of purlins and single joists can be performed
more safely by doing so; or
(ii) When equivalent protection is provided in a site-specific
erection plan.
(4) Working under loads.
(a) Routes for suspended loads must be preplanned to ensure
that no employee works directly below a suspended load except
when:
(i) Engaged in the initial connection of the steel; or
(ii) Necessary for the hooking or unhooking of the load.
(b) When working under suspended loads, the following criteria
must be met:
(i) Materials being hoisted must be rigged to prevent unintentional
displacement;
(ii) Hooks with self-closing safety latches or their equivalent
must be used to prevent components from slipping out of the
hook; and
(iii) All loads must be rigged by a qualified rigger.
(5) Multiple lift rigging procedure.
(a) A multiple lift must only be performed if the following
criteria are met:
A multiple lift rigging assembly is used;
A multiple lift is only permitted when specifically within
the manufacturer's specifications and limitations;
A maximum of five members are hoisted per lift;
Exception: Bundles of decking must not be
lifted using the multiple lift rigging procedure, even though
they meet the definition of structural members in WAC
296-155-702.
Only beams and similar structural members are lifted; and
All employees engaged in the multiple lift have been trained
in these procedures in accordance with WAC
296-155-717 (3)(a).
(b) Components of the multiple lift rigging assembly must be
specifically designed and assembled with a maximum capacity
for total assembly and for each individual attachment point.
This capacity, certified by the manufacturer or a qualified
rigger, must be based on the manufacturer's specifications with
a five to one safety factor for all components.
(c) The total load must not exceed:
The rated capacity of the hoisting equipment specified
in the hoisting equipment load charts; and
The rigging capacity specified in the rigging-rating chart.
(d) The multiple lift rigging assembly must be rigged with
members:
Attached at their center of gravity and maintained reasonably
level;
Rigged from top down; and
Rigged at least seven feet (2.1 m) apart.
(e) The members on the multiple lift rigging assembly must
be set from the bottom up.
(f) Controlled load lowering must be used whenever the load
is over the connectors.
(1) Structural stability must be maintained at all times during
the erection process.
Make sure that multistory structures have the following:
Permanent floors installed as the erection of structural
members progress;
No more than eight stories between the erection floor and
the upper-most permanent floor; and
No more than four floors or forty-eight feet (14.6 m),
whichever is less, of unfinished bolting or welding above
the foundation or uppermost permanent secured floor.
Exception: The above applies except where
the structural integrity is maintained as a result of design.
(2) Walking/working surfaces.
(a) Shear connectors and other similar devices.
(i) Shear connectors, reinforcing bars, deformed anchors
or threaded studs must not be attached to the top flanges
of beams, joists or beam attachments so they project vertically
from or horizontally across the top flange of the member until
after the metal decking, or other walking/working surface
has been installed. This becomes a tripping hazard. Examples
of shear connectors are headed steel studs, steel bars or
steel lugs.
(ii) Installation of shear connectors on composite floors.
When shear connectors are used in construction of composite
floors, roofs and bridge decks, employees must lay out and
install the shear connectors after the metal decking has been
installed, using the metal decking as a working platform.
(b) Slip resistance of metal decking. (Reserved.)
(c) Reserved.
(d) Safe access must be provided to the working level. Employees
must not slide down ropes, columns, or ladders.
(3) Plumbing-up.
(a) When deemed necessary by a competent person, plumbing-up
equipment must be installed in conjunction with the steel erection
process to ensure the stability of the structure.
(b) When used, plumbing-up equipment must be in place and properly
installed before the structure is loaded with construction material
such as loads of joists, bundles of decking or bundles of bridging.
(c) Plumbing-up equipment must be removed only with the approval
of a competent person.
(4) Metal decking.
(a) Hoisting, landing and placing of metal decking bundles.
(i) Bundle packaging and strapping must not be used for hoisting
unless specifically designed for that purpose.
(ii) If loose items such as dunnage, flashing, or other materials
are placed on the top of metal decking bundles to be hoisted,
such items must be secured to the bundles.
(iii) Bundles of metal decking on joists must be landed in
accordance with WAC
296-155-709 (5)(d).
(iv) Metal decking bundles must be landed on framing members
so that enough support is provided to allow the bundles to
be unbanded without dislodging the bundles from the supports.
(v) At the end of the shift or when environmental or job
site conditions require, metal decking must be secured against
displacement.
(b) Roof and floor holes and openings. Metal decking at roof
and floor holes and openings must be installed as follows:
(i) Framed metal deck openings must have structural members
turned down to allow continuous deck installation except where
not allowed by structural design constraints or constructibility.
(ii) Roof and floor holes and openings must be decked over.
Where large size, configuration or other structural design
does not allow openings to be decked over (such as elevator
shafts, stair wells, etc.) employees must be protected in
accordance with chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1 or Part
K.
(iii) Metal decking holes and openings must not be cut until
immediately prior to being permanently filled with the equipment
or structure needed or intended to fulfill its specific use
and which meets the strength requirements of (c) of this subsection,
or must be immediately covered.
(c) Covering roof and floor openings. Smoke dome or skylight
fixtures that have been installed are not considered covers
for the purpose of this section unless they meet the strength
requirements of WAC
296-155-505 (4)(g) (Part K).
(d) Decking gaps around columns. Wire mesh, exterior plywood,
or equivalent, must be installed around columns where planks
or metal decking do not fit tightly. The materials used must
be of sufficient strength to provide fall protection for personnel
and prevent objects from falling through.
(e) Installation of metal decking.
(i) Metal decking must be laid tightly and immediately secured
upon placement to prevent accidental movement or displacement.
(ii) During initial placement, metal decking panels must
be placed to ensure full support by structural members.
(f) Derrick floors.
(i) A derrick floor must be fully decked and or planked and
the steel member connections completed to support the intended
floor loading.
(ii) Temporary loads placed on a derrick floor must be distributed
over the underlying support members so as to prevent local
overloading of the deck material.
(a) All columns must be anchored by a minimum of four anchor
rods (anchor bolts).
(b) Each column anchor rod (anchor bolt) assembly, including
the column-to-base plate weld and the column foundation, must
be designed to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of three
hundred pounds (136.2 kg) located eighteen inches (.46 m) from
the extreme outer face of the column in each direction at the
top of the column shaft.
(c) Columns must be set on level finished floors, pregrouted
leveling plates, leveling nuts, or shim packs which are adequate
to transfer the construction loads.
(d) All columns must be evaluated by a competent person to
determine whether guying or bracing is needed; if guying or
bracing is needed, it must be installed.
(2) Repair, replacement or field modification of anchor rods
(anchor bolts).
(a) Anchor rods (anchor bolts) must not be repaired, replaced
or field-modified without the approval of the project structural
engineer of record.
(b) Prior to the erection of a column, the controlling contractor
must provide written notification to the steel erector if there
has been any repair, replacement or modification of the anchor
rods (anchor bolts) of that column.
(a) During the final placing of solid web structural members,
the load must not be released from the hoisting line until the
members are secured with at least two bolts per connection.
These bolts must be of the same size and strength as shown in
the erection drawings, drawn up wrench-tight or the equivalent
as specified by the project structural engineer of record.
Exception: See subsection (2) of this
section.
(b) A competent person must determine if more than two bolts
are necessary to ensure the stability of cantilevered members;
if additional bolts are needed, they must be installed.
(2) Diagonal bracing. Solid web structural members used as diagonal
bracing must be secured by at least one bolt per connection drawn
up wrench-tight or the equivalent as specified by the project
structural engineer of record.
(3) (a) Double connections at columns and/or at beam
webs over a column.
When two structural members on opposite sides of a column web,
or a beam web over a column, are connected sharing common connection
holes, at least one bolt with its wrench-tight nut must remain
connected to the first member unless a shop-attached or field-attached
seat or equivalent connection device is supplied with the member
to secure the first member and prevent the column from being
displaced (see Appendix E to this part for examples of equivalent
connection devices).
(b) If a seat or equivalent device is used, the seat (or device)
must be designed to support the load during the double connection
process. It must be adequately bolted or welded to both a supporting
member and the first member before the nuts on the shared bolts
are removed to make the double connection.
(4) Column splices. Each column splice must be designed to resist
a minimum eccentric gravity load of three hundred pounds (136.2
kg) located eighteen inches (.46 m) from the extreme outer face
of the column in each direction at the top of the column shaft.
(5) Perimeter columns. Perimeter columns must not be erected
unless:
(a) The perimeter columns extend a minimum of forty-eight inches
(1.2 m) above the finished floor to permit installation of perimeter
safety cables prior to erection of the next tier, except where
constructibility does not allow (see Appendix D to this part);
(b) The perimeter columns have holes or other devices in or
attached to perimeter columns at forty-two to forty-five inches
(107-114 cm) above the finished floor and the midpoint between
the finished floor and the top cable to permit installation
of perimeter safety cables required by WAC
296-155-716 (1)(b), except where constructibility does not
allow. (See Appendix D to this part.)
(a) Where steel joists are used and columns are not framed
in at least two directions with solid web structural steel members,
a steel joist must be field-bolted at the column to provide
lateral stability to the column during erection.
Exception: See (b) of this subsection.
For the installation of this joist:
(i) A vertical stabilizer plate must be provided on each
column for steel joists. The plate must be a minimum of six
inch by six inch (152 mm by 152 mm) and must extend at least
three inches (76 mm) below the bottom chord of the joist with
a 13/16-inch (21 mm) hole to provide an attachment point for
guying or plumbing cables.
(ii) The bottom chords of steel joists at columns must be
stabilized to prevent rotation during erection.
(iii) Hoisting cables must not be released until the seat
at each end of the steel joist is field-bolted, and each end
of the bottom chord is restrained by the column stabilizer
plate.
(b) Where constructibility does not allow a steel joist to
be installed at the column:
(i) An alternate means of stabilizing joists must be installed
on both sides near the column and must:
Provide stability equivalent to (a) of this subsection;
Be designed by a qualified person;
Be shop installed; and
Be included in the erection drawings.
(ii) Hoisting cables must not be released until the seat
at each end of the steel joist is field-bolted and the joist
is stabilized.
(c) Where steel joists at or near columns span sixty feet (18.3
m) or less, the joist must be designed with sufficient strength
to allow one employee to release the hoisting cable without
the need for erection bridging.
(d) Where steel joists at or near columns span more than sixty
feet (18.3 m), the joists must be set in tandem with all bridging
installed unless an alternative method of erection, which provides
equivalent stability to the steel joist, is designed by a qualified
person and is included in the site-specific erection plan.
(e) A steel joist or steel joist girder must not be placed
on any support structure unless such structure is stabilized.
(f) When steel joist(s) are landed on a structure, they must
be secured to prevent unintentional displacement prior to installation.
(g) No modification that affects the strength of a steel joist
or steel joist girder must be made without the approval of the
project structural engineer of record.
(h) Field-bolted joists.
(i) Except for steel joists that have been preassembled into
panels, connections of individual steel joists to steel structures
in bays of forty feet (12.2 m) or more must be fabricated
to allow for field bolting during erection.
(ii) These connections must be field-bolted unless constructibility
does not allow.
(i) Steel joists and steel joist girders must not be used as
anchorage points for a fall arrest system unless written approval
to do so is obtained from a qualified person.
(j) A bridging terminus point must be established before bridging
is installed. (See Appendix E to this part.)
(2) Attachment of steel joists and steel joist girders.
(a) Each end of “K” series steel joists must be
attached to the support structure with a minimum of two 1/8-inch
(3 mm) fillet welds one inch (25 mm) long or with two 1/2-inch
(13 mm) bolts, or the equivalent.
(b) Each end of “LH” and “DLH” series
steel joists and steel joist girders must be attached to the
support structure with a minimum of two 1/4-inch (6 mm) fillet
welds two inches (51 mm) long, or with two 3/4-inch (19 mm)
bolts, or the equivalent.
(c) Except as provided in (d) of this subsection, each steel
joist must be attached to the support structure, at least at
one end on both sides of the seat, immediately upon placement
in the final erection position and before additional joists
are placed.
(d) Panels that have been preassembled from steel joists with
bridging must be attached to the structure at each corner before
the hoisting cables are released.
(3) Erection of steel joists.
(a) Both sides of the seat of one end of each steel joist that
requires bridging under Tables A and B must be attached to the
support structure before hoisting cables are released.
(b) For joists over sixty feet, both ends of the joist must
be attached as specified in subsections (2) and (4) of this
section before the hoisting cables are released.
(c) On steel joists that do not require erection bridging under
Tables A and B, only one employee must be allowed on the joist
until all bridging is installed and anchored.
Table A--Erection of Bridging for Short Span
Joists
Joist
Span
Joist
Span
Joist
Span
8L1
NM
22K10
40-0
14KCS1
NM
10K1
NM
22K11
40-0
14KCS2
NM
12K1
23-0
24K4
36-0
14KCS3
NM
12K3
NM
24K5
38-0
16KCS2
NM
12K5
NM
24K6
39-0
16KCS3
NM
14K1
27-0
24K7
43-0
16KCS4
NM
14K3
NM
24K8
43-0
16KCS5
NM
14K4
NM
24K9
44-0
18KCS2
35-0
14K6
NM
24K10
NM
18KCS3
NM
16K2
29-0
24K12
NM
18KCS4
NM
16K3
30-0
26K5
38-0
18KCS5
NM
16K4
32-0
26K6
39-0
20KCS2
36-0
16K5
32-0
26K7
43-0
20KCS3
39-0
16K6
NM
26K8
44-0
20KCS4
NM
16K7
NM
26K9
45-0
20KCS5
NM
16K9
NM
26K10
49-0
22KCS2
36-0
18K3
31-0
26K12
NM
22KCS3
40-0
18K4
32-0
28K6
40-0
22KCS4
NM
18K5
33-0
28K7
43-0
22KCS5
NM
18K6
35-0
28K8
44-0
24KCS2
39-0
18K7
NM
28K9
45-0
24KCS3
44-0
18K9
NM
28K10
49-0
24KCS4
NM
18K10
NM
28K12
53-0
24KCS5
NM
20K3
32-0
30K7
44-0
26KCS2
39-0
20K4
34-0
30K8
45-0
26KCS3
44-0
20K5
34-0
30K9
45-0
26KCS4
NM
20K6
36-0
30K10
50-0
26KCS5
NM
20K7
39-0
30K11
52-0
28KCS2
40-0
20K9
39-0
30K12
54-0
28KCS3
45-0
20K10
NM
10KCS1
NM
28KCS4
53-0
22K4
34-0
10KCS2
NM
28KCS5
53-0
22K5
35-0
10KCS3
NM
30KCS3
45-0
22K6
36-0
12KCS1
NM
30KCS4
54-0
22K7
40-0
12KCS2
NM
30KCS5
54-0
22K9
40-0
12KCS3
NM
NM = Diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory for joists under
40 feet.
Table B--Erection Bridging for Long Span Joists
Joist
Span
Joist
Span
18LH02
33-0
28LH06
42-0
18LH03
NM
28LH07
NM
18LH04
NM
28LH08
NM
18LH05
NM
28LH09
NM
18LH06
NM
28LH10
NM
18LH07
NM
28LH11
NM
18LH08
NM
28LH12
NM
18LH09
NM
28LH13
NM
20LH02
33-0
32LH06
47-0 through 60-0
20LH03
38-0
32LH07
47-0 through 60-0
20LH04
NM
32LH08
55-0 through 60-0
20LH05
NM
32LH09
NM through 60-0
20LH06
NM
32LH10
NM through 60-0
20LH07
NM
32LH11
NM through 60-0
20LH08
NM
32LH12
NM through 60-0
20LH09
NM
32LH13
NM through 60-0
20LH10
NM
32LH14
NM through 60-0
24LH03
35-0
32LH15
NM through 60-0
24LH04
39-0
36LH07
47-0 through 60-0
24LH05
40-0
36LH08
47-0 through 60-0
24LH06
45-0
36LH09
57-0 through 60-0
24LH07
NM
36LH10
NM through 60-0
24LH08
NM
36LH11
NM through 60-0
24LH09
NM
36LH12
NM through 60-0
24LH10
NM
36LH13
NM through 60-0
24LH11
NM
36LH14
NM through 60-0
28LH05
42-0
36LH15
NM through 60-0
NM = Diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory for joists under
40 feet.
(d) Employees must not be allowed on steel joists where the
span of the steel joist is equal to or greater than the span
shown in Tables A and B except in accordance with WAC
296-155-709(4).
(e) When permanent bridging terminus points cannot be used
during erection, additional temporary bridging terminus points
are required to provide stability. (See Appendix E of this part.)
(4) Erection bridging.
(a) Where the span of the steel joist is equal to or greater
than the span shown in Tables A and B, the following must apply:
(i) A row of bolted diagonal erection bridging must be installed
near the midspan of the steel joist;
(ii) Hoisting cables must not be released until this bolted
diagonal erection bridging is installed and anchored; and
(iii) No more than one employee must be allowed on these
spans until all other bridging is installed and anchored.
(b) Where the span of the steel joist is over sixty feet (18.3
m) through one hundred feet (30.5 m), the following must apply:
(i) All rows of bridging must be bolted diagonal bridging;
(ii) Two rows of bolted diagonal erection bridging must be
installed near the third points of the steel joist;
(iii) Hoisting cables must not be released until this bolted
diagonal erection bridging is installed and anchored; and
(iv) No more than two employees must be allowed on these
spans until all other bridging is installed and anchored.
(c) Where the span of the steel joist is over one hundred feet
(30.5 m) through one hundred forty-four feet (43.9 m), the following
must apply:
(i) All rows of bridging must be bolted diagonal bridging;
(ii) Hoisting cables must not be released until all bridging
is installed and anchored; and
(iii) No more than two employees must be allowed on these
spans until all bridging is installed and anchored.
(d) For steel members spanning over one hundred forty-four
feet (43.9 m), the erection methods used must be in accordance
with WAC
296-155-708.
(e) Where any steel joist specified in subsections (3)(b),
(4)(a), (b), and (c) of this section is a bottom chord bearing
joist, a row of bolted diagonal bridging must be provided near
the support(s). This bridging must be installed and anchored
before the hoisting cable(s) is released.
(f) When bolted diagonal erection bridging is required by this
section, the following must apply:
(i) The bridging must be indicated on the erection drawing;
(ii) The erection drawing must be the exclusive indicator
of the proper placement of this bridging;
(iii) Shop-installed bridging clips, or functional equivalents,
must be used where the bridging bolts to the steel joists;
(iv) When two pieces of bridging are attached to the steel
joist by a common bolt, the nut that secures the first piece
of bridging must not be removed from the bolt for the attachment
of the second; and
(v) Bridging attachments must not protrude above the top
chord of the steel joist.
(5) Landing and placing loads.
(a) During the construction period, the employer placing a
load on steel joists must ensure that the load is distributed
so as not to exceed the carrying capacity of any steel joist.
(b) Except for (d) of this subsection, no construction loads
are allowed on the steel joists until all bridging is installed
and anchored and all joist-bearing ends are attached.
(c) The weight of a bundle of joist bridging must not exceed
a total of one thousand pounds (454 kg). A bundle of joist bridging
must be placed on a minimum of three steel joists that are secured
at one end. The edge of the bridging bundle must be positioned
within one foot (.30 m) of the secured end.
(d) No bundle of decking may be placed on steel joists until
all bridging has been installed and anchored and all joist bearing
ends attached, unless all of the following conditions are met:
(i) The employer has first determined from a qualified person
and documented in a site-specific erection plan that the structure
or portion of the structure is capable of supporting the load;
(ii) The bundle of decking is placed on a minimum of three
steel joists;
(iii) The joists supporting the bundle of decking are attached
at both ends;
(iv) At least one row of bridging is installed and anchored;
(v) The total weight of the bundle of decking does not exceed
four thousand pounds (1816 kg); and
(vi) Placement of the bundle of decking must be in accordance
with (e) of this subsection.
(e) The edge of the construction load must be placed within
one foot (.30 m) of the bearing surface of the joist end.
(1) All of the requirements of this part apply to the erection
of systems-engineered metal buildings except WAC
296-155-707 (column anchorage) and WAC
296-155-709 (open web steel joists).
(2) Each structural column must be anchored by a minimum of four
anchor rods (anchor bolts).
(3) Rigid frames must have fifty percent of their bolts or the
number of bolts specified by the manufacturer (whichever is greater)
installed and tightened on both sides of the web adjacent to each
flange before the hoisting equipment is released.
(4) Construction loads must not be placed on any structural steel
framework unless such framework is safely bolted, welded or otherwise
adequately secured.
(5) In girt and eave strut-to-frame connections, when girts or
eave struts share common connection holes, at least one bolt with
its wrench-tight nut must remain connected to the first member
unless a manufacturer-supplied, field-attached seat or similar
connection device is present to secure the first member so that
the girt or eave strut is always secured against displacement.
(6) Both ends of all steel joists or cold-formed joists must
be fully bolted and/or welded to the support structure before:
(a) Releasing the hoisting cables;
(b) Allowing an employee on the joists; or
(c) Allowing any construction loads on the joists.
(7) Purlins and girts must not be used as an anchorage point
for a fall arrest system unless written approval is obtained from
a qualified person.
(8) Purlins may only be used as a walking/working surface when
installing safety systems, after all permanent bridging has been
installed and fall protection is provided.
(9) Construction loads may be placed only within a zone that
is within eight feet (2.5 m) of the center line of the primary
support member.
(1) Securing loose items aloft. All materials, equipment, and
tools, which are not in use while aloft, must be secured against
accidental displacement.
(2) Protection from falling objects other than materials being
hoisted. The controlling contractor must bar other construction
processes below steel erection unless overhead protection for
the employees below is provided.
(b) During steel erection activities, fall protection must
be as required by chapter
296-155 WAC, Parts C-1 and K.
Additionally, on multistory structures, perimeter safety cables
must be installed at the final interior and exterior perimeters
of the floors as soon as metal decking has been installed. See
Appendix D.
(2) Connectors. Each connector must: Have completed connector
training in accordance with WAC
296-155-717.
(3) Custody of fall protection. Fall protection provided by the
steel erector must remain in the area where steel erection activity
has been completed, to be used by other trades, only if the controlling
contractor or its authorized representative:
(a) Has directed the steel erector to leave the fall protection
in place; and
(b) Has inspected and accepted control and responsibility of
the fall protection prior to authorizing persons other than
steel erectors to work in the area.
(1) Training personnel. Training required by this section must
be provided by a qualified person(s).
(2) Fall hazard training. The employer shall train each employee
exposed to a fall hazard in accordance with the requirements of
this chapter. The employer shall institute a training program
required by chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1, and ensure employee participation in
the program.
(3) Special training programs. In addition to the training required
in subsection (2) of this section, the employer must provide special
training to employees engaged in the following activities:
(a) Multiple lift rigging procedure. The employer must ensure
that each employee who performs multiple lift rigging has been
provided training in the following areas:
(i) The nature of the hazards associated with multiple lifts;
and
(ii) The proper procedures and equipment to perform multiple
lifts required by WAC
296-155-704(5).
(b) Connector procedures. The employer must ensure that each
connector has been provided training in the following areas:
(i) The nature of the hazards associated with connecting
(see Appendix D for nonmandatory training guidelines); and
WAC 296-155-72401
Appendix A-Guidelines for establishing the components of a site-specific
erection plan: Nonmandatory guidelines for complying with WAC
296-155-703(5).
(1) General. This appendix serves as a guideline to assist employers
who elect to develop a site-specific erection plan in accordance
with WAC
296-155-703(5) with alternate means and methods to provide
employee protection in accordance with WAC
296-155-704 (3)(e) and 296-155-709
(5)(d).
(2) Development of a site-specific erection plan. Pre-construction
conference(s) and site inspection(s) are held between the erector
and the controlling contractor, and others such as the project
engineer and fabricator before the start of steel erection. The
purpose of such conference(s) is to develop and review the site-specific
erection plan that will meet the requirements of this section.
(3) Components of a site-specific erection plan. In developing
a site-specific erection plan, a steel erector considers the following
elements:
(a) The sequence of erection activity, developed in coordination
with the controlling contractor, that includes the following:
(i) Material deliveries;
(ii) Material staging and storage; and
(iii) Coordination with other trades and construction activities.
(b) A description of the crane and derrick selection and placement
procedures, including the following:
(i) Site preparation;
(ii) Path for overhead loads; and
(iii) Critical lifts, including rigging supplies and equipment.
(c) A description of steel erection activities and procedures,
including the following:
(i) Stability considerations requiring temporary bracing
and guying;
(ii) Erection bridging terminus point;
(iii) Anchor rod (anchor bolt) notifications regarding repair,
replacement and modifications;
(iv) Columns and beams (including joists and purlins);
WAC 296-155-72403
Appendix C-Training: Nonmandatory guidelines for complying with
WAC
296-155-717.
The training requirements of WAC
296-155-717 will be deemed to have been met if employees have
completed a training course on steel erection, including instruction
in the provisions of this WAC that has been approved by the U.S.
Department of Labor Apprenticeship Training Employer Labor Services
or an approved state apprenticeship council. A training program
may include the following:
· Multiple lift rigging procedures;
· Structural steel assembly;
· Open web steel joists;
· Panelized joist election;
· Preengineered metal buildings;
· Installation of steel decking; and
· Site conditions and construction sequence.
WAC
296-155-72404 Appendix D-Perimeter columns: Nonmandatory guidelines
for complying with WAC
296-155-708(5).
To protect the unprotected side or edge of a walking/working
surface in multistory structures, when holes in the column web
are used for perimeter safety cables, the column splice must be
placed sufficiently high so as not to interfere with any attachments
to the column necessary for the column splice. Column splices
are recommended to be placed at every other or fourth levels as
design allows. Column splices at third levels are detrimental
to the erection process and should be avoided if possible.
WAC 296-155-725
Appendix E-Double connections: Illustrations of a clipped end
connection and a staggered connection: Nonmandatory guidelines
for complying with WAC
296-155-708 (3)(a).
WAC 296-155-72406
Appendix F-Typical installations for bridging: Nonmandatory guidelines
for complying with chapter 296-155 WAC. Employers must comply
with fall restraint and fall arrest as stated in Part
C-1, chapter 296-155 WAC.
For
printing